Microbiology Rapid Revision: High-Yield NEET PG, FMGE & INICET Review

[00:00:02]hi everyone I'm Dr Priti Sharma and welcome to the YouTube sessions for the microbiology crash course this is particularly for the FFG students who have their exam coming up however all they need PG and the next aspirants can definitely benefit with this rapid review of the course that we are going to do so we will be covering in a sequential order all the different chapters and important topics of microbios starting from General going on to fungus bacteriology virology and parasitology alongside we'll be practicing all the questions that are important for the fmg students especially in terms of their pyqs we'll be also talking about a lot of images how to identify those images in the exams and alongside we'll be completing our Theory so all in all the most high yielding topics and important points from your previous year will be discussed so what do we start off first and foremost we need to know about the historical aspects especially in the fmg exam in the past years there have been questions from scientists from the history point of view there have been a couple of questions and that is exactly what we are going to cater to in the first part of the session so let's begin the number one scientist who's one of the most important that we have is Sir Louis Pasteur well you also have an image in front of you for sir Louis pasture and he's definitely contributed immensely to the subject so what all has he told us about you can see from the surname itself when we talk about pasture obviously what has he given us he's given us pasteurization of milk which we'll be talking about again in general microbiology there's also an Institute set up on his name that is referred to as the pasture Institute in Paris and that is all that you have from his name that is pasture out here whereas what do you have from his first name that is Louis L for Louis and Alpha liquid sir also gave us about the liquid medium now we are going to read a lot of media today and you will actually realize that all the media and culture media that I talk about are solid culture meters like the blood agar the chocolate agar they are all solid culture media but sir Louis Pasteur in the Primitive earlier days gave us the first liquid media with which further advances were made so what all have we learned until now we know about Sir Louis Pasteur giving us pasteurization of milk naming a pasture Institute of Paris and L for L newly pasture for liquid media what else guys he's also known as the father of microbiology he's referred to as the father and when we say father we can take every alphabet out of father and come to a particular answer so when we say father the F will tell us about the fermentation principle he's given us the principle of fermentation when we talk about a t he's given us 80 autoclave autoclave was described by Sir Lewis pasture and when we talk about t h e r he's given us one Theory and dhgr for Theory and which theory has he given to us he's given us the germ cell theory or The Germ theory has been given to us and he said that germ Theory theory is something that you have to accept and a biogenesis theory is something that you have to reject so one theory for acceptance one theory for rejection germ theory for acceptance and abiogenesis theory for rejection what else so let's repeat because we called him Father F for fermentation a t for autoclave t h e r for theories and finally sir has given us the car vaccines what are the car vaccines C for cholera number one a for Anthrax and R for rabies repeating cholera Anthrax and rabies their vaccines not the organisms eating the organisms were not identified by him but the vaccines for these diseases were definitely started off so these are all the different kind of contributions that sir Louis Pasteur has and we can go on to the next one so we'll finish all the scientists and then we'll take up the McQ right so the second one that we have that is Robert Koch so Robert Koch is said to be the father of modern microbiology repeating sir Louis Pasteur was father of microbiology Sir Robert Koch is the father of modern microbiology and look at sir's name surname because a lot of things are named after it so when we talk about k for Koch he's given us something called the Koch postulates he's also identified the coach bacillus what is the coach basilis the coach basilis is nothing but TV tuberculosis tubercle bacillus then when we go to the next alphabet that is C he's given us CCC three things which C is what he's given us number one he's given us the cholera basil either organism cholera vibrio cholera has been given by him which you all have to learn that cholera vaccine again repeating cholera vaccine was given by Sir Louis Pasteur the car vaccines but cholera organism has been given by Sir Robert OCH what else would see finally he gave us the solid culture media again recap we have UE pasture for liquid culture media Lumi pasture for liquid culture media and Sir Robert Koch for solid culture media what else would see he's also given us a color or a dye and that is known as the anneline dye the color of the dye is referred to as the Anodyne tag coming to the last alphabet age for hanging drop motility hanging drop motility testing was also given by Sir repeating first maintain the coach alphabet coach postulates coach bacilli then we'll take the c three things with C that is cholera culture media color and one thing with age that is the hanging drop motility let's move on to the other scientists let's come to Sir Paul ulrish so Paul ulrish after his surname there's an organism that has been identified that is known as the Earl ratio organism the El Rishi organism is named after him other than that please remember if you look at the last two alphabets CH c h tells you he is the father of chemotherapy so firstly Earl Rish will tell you a Rishi organism CH will tell you is the father of chemotherapy and P A what is p a p for Price a for acid fast P for Price what price he is actually a Nobel Prize winner he's a Nobel Prize winner and what Nobel Prize has he won for telling us that toxins and antitoxins work against each other how he standardized that a toxin can be counteract counteracted upon by an anti-toxic so he's standardized the toxin antitoxin concentration for which he also received a Nobel Prize so P for price and what is a a for acid casting nowadays you know acid for stain with some other name nowadays you know acid fasting as the Z and stain guys right so that is what you have to know that originally the acid for stain was given by Paul erdrich later on it was modified by znm Zeal and Nelson Zeal and Nelson modified it and today we know it as the Z and stain but originally who gave us the acid fasting it was a Polaris moving on to the next scientist it is Joseph Lister and if you read the name carefully Seth Joseph Lister is how we call it because he's the father of antiseptic surgery he's the first one who told us that during surgery you must use antiseptic or you must use asepsis in the operation theater so he is the father of antiseptic surgery Joseph and dicep is how we learn it coming to the fifth one which you've been reading ever since you were preparing for your undergrad meet your duties Anton Juan luannock Anton is said to be the father of microscopy and which microscopy are we talking about over here the usual light microscope so if light microscope was by Lou and Hawk L for L if light microscope was by Lou and her electron microscope is by who electron microscope is by Ernst Raska let's do a recap when we are talking about light microscope L for L It Is by u n hook and when we are talking about electron microscope it is e for E it was given by Ernst Rascal then there's another Edward Jenner this also you read I remember we used to read it in our undergrad days this is also e how will I not confuse it with earns trust sky and electron microscope Edward Jenner was awarded because he gave us the vaccine the first vaccine I hope you all remember the first vaccine was for smallpox so Edward gave us the vaccine for smallpox the first ever vaccine that we had coming to the last scientist three names or three uh you know first name middle name last name Carrie B mules has given us something which has three alphabets again so the scientist with the three alphabets has given us a technique with the three alphabets and that is PCR polymerase Gene reaction well that is a wrap up of the most important scientists that we have and why don't we practice a few questions in order to know whether we've been able to recall this well okay cholera vaccine repeating again there are two kind of questions cholera vaccine has been discovered by or cholera bacillus has been discovered over your vaccine if you all remember we had something called the car vaccines car vaccines means cholera vaccines number two anthrax vaccine and number three rabies vaccine and all these rabies vaccine Anthrax cholera they were given by Sir Louis Pasteur on the other hand if I would have asked you a cholera bacillus that is the organism has been given by what by whom then cholera bacillus has been given by Sir Robert coming to question number two who is the father of antiseptic surgery the father of antiseptic how did we learn it and tea set Joseph so the father of antiseptic surgery is Joseph's sister coming to question number three electron microscopy was discovered by there was a mnemonic for this also and as you are watching the video my uh you know my request to you all whenever you get a question try to pause the video try to give an answer on your own before I start discussing so that you know what you were thinking and then you know whether you got it right or not okay electron microscope e for E so there are two e's over here Ernst Raska and Edward Jenner I hope you remember the answer is on stresska Edward Jenner has given us what Edward Jenner has given us the vaccine smallpox vaccine coming to the next question acid fast stain was discovered by Joseph Lister Paul Ulrich Louis Pasteur or Robert Koch acid fasting so if you all remember correct answer allridge do you remember what all Paul ulrish sir had given us let's do a recap firstly Earl Rich tells me that urishia organism was given then CH tells me chemotherapy is the father of chemotherapy he tells me he got a prize what did he get a price for Toxin anti-toxin and a tells me that he's given us the acid fasting so Paul Earl Rich happens to be the final answer coming to the next pyq guys PCR was discovered by polymerase chain reaction was discovered by one two three needs to have a scientists with three names three alphabets carry B mules gave us polymerase Gene reaction well that is a wrap up of all the scientific aspects I hope all the scientists are clear to everyone and we can move on to the next topic now the next topic is something you probably see in every microbiology and every Pathology Lab however this is probably also something which you never like to switch on because you many times don't understand what is seen under it but the examiner is really fond of all the parts that you so one by one firstly what kind of a microscope is it guys this happens to be a light microscope this is a light microscope and the first question that we'll ask you is what kind of light are we talking about over here we have different kinds of light we have transmitted light we have reflective light so what kind of light is not spoken about over here you'll say man look at this this is the bulb this is the bulb this is the light I will switch on the bulb I'll connect it to an electrical source I'll switch on the plug I'll switch on this bulb and the light will just get transmitted like this like regular light from any other bulb in the loop comes right so what kind of a light am I talking about over here in a light microscope we are talking about transmitted light like any other bulb or tube light or light source light is getting transmitted so first and foremost you've understood the first thing and that is known as a light source okay from the light source the light starts coming then what else do we have no sim on these are all the light rays now A bulb will obviously give light in all directions right bulb is going to throw light in every direction but I want it to be focused I wanted to go towards one area so what am I going to do I am going to put out a condenser over here can you all see this tiny little structure at the bottom we label it this tiny little structure is referred to as a condenser and there are two things inside it remember that tiny little structure which I am putting up this round black thing this is a condenser and do you know what is fitted inside a condenser inside a condenser we have something called Iris just like you have the iris in the eyes to see what a virus in the eye do it regulates how much of light is going in or not same way there is a condenser which has an iris inside it which will make sure how much of light is going through it where is the light going let's highlight the next thing the light is going here what is this Square over here this square is referred to as the stage we call this the stage of a microscope stage is where the hero will be sitting right the hero and all the main lead actors will be on this stage what's the main lead actor your glass slide whenever ever you want to see a glass slide you will be putting it over here for all those glass slides that you get which you conveniently ignore in your path in microbiolabs all those glass slides are kept over here you'll say that ma'am everyone will want this at a different level stage might be wanted a little up a little down because my power of the eyes and your power of the eyes are different right so we have these two knobs that they've given to us the big knob and the small dog the big knob is said to be the course adjustment the big knob is said to be course adjustment the small knob is said to be fine adjustment repeating the big knob is course adjustment and the small Norm is the final transport what else we have something over here this is where you are sitting this is where your eyes will be there so there's a lens over here which is known as the IP slings there is an eyepiece lens which is present over here and this has a magnification of 10 times it has a magnification of 10 times versus do you see a lot of lenses over here also that is where the examiner asks you the maximum questions what are these sets see over here there was I your eye is here this is where you are sitting and seeing so this is the eyepiece what are these set of lenses known as these are said to be objective lenses and that is exactly what I want to teach you next if you've learned all the names I'll teach you the details now see let's do a repeat what you see at the bottom this is a light source after that what you see where the light is going that's a condenser with an iris then the light is going on to the stage the stage can be moved up and down by the course and the fine adjustment thereafter you have a set of lenses over here called objective lens and then you have a lens over here that is known as the eyepiece lens now what are the other details that you have to know in terms of magnification so listen to me carefully you will see ma'am one set of lenses that you've told me are the objective lenses and one set of lenses that you've told me are the ifixes and you've told me IPS lens is only one and it has a magnification of 10 times but objective lens is of four types now that is what requires attention one lens will only help you scan the slide like you scan a page or a printer like your human eye a little bit magnify four times magnified only 4X that is a scanner lens okay next you have something you'll say mama I want to increase from scanner I'll go to low carb magnification then I am going to go to a higher power magnification and finally I am going to look at this slide with oil I'll put oil on the slide and I'm going to look at it with oil so I will then use the oil immersion lens what is the difference scanner was what magnification four times low power is 10 times High bar is 40 times and oil immersion is 100 times simple to learn what is the protocol for 10 40 100 repeating we have 4 10 40 and 100.

[00:18:03]so what do you think now if I ask you what is the total or what what is how do you calculate the total magnification we will have to add both of these you will have to add so for example username this is your microscope you are looking at the microscope from here your I so one is fixed ten times will always happen then depends which one are you using what from here are you using the Forex are you using the 10x are you using the 40x or you're using the 100x so for example I am using the 4X so what is the total magnification 4 into 10 40 so let's do from here if I'm using if I want to calculate total you say if you're using the scanner then your total becomes 40 times if you are losing low power then your total becomes 100 times if you're using high power then your total becomes 400 times and if you're using oil immersion 100 into 10 your total becomes 1000 times so if I ask you what is the maximum magnification that you can obtain in a microscope think logically what's the maximum magnification you will say oil immersion will give me 1000 times and the eyepiece is going to give me a 10 times so what is the maximum magnification that we can receive it is a thousand times hundred into ten one thousand that's one of the most favorite questions that you have in the previous year papers so that's it about the light microscope let's move on to some other microscopes let's take up a dark field microscope so what do you understand by dark field microscope guys please remember when you are dealing with dark field you can see the background is very very dark why is the background dark because you are dealing with dark Hazard so you are dealing with reflected light now you know that why I was exercising so much on the type of the light because when you're dealing with a light microscope light has a transmission to it transmitted light when I'm dealing with a dark field microscope I'm talking about a reflective light the background will be dark and anything that is very very thin what are you going to use it for anything that is very very thin like a spirochet or for that matter guys even flagella of the bacteria is very very thin anything that is very thin can easily be picked up on a dark field microscope coming to the next one everyone I'm sure has seen this microscope earlier this microscope is the very famous fluorescent microscope what is the light source that we have for fluorescent microscope the light source is the will be liked it is the ultraviolet light so let us analyze a few things you will say that I am fine you've told us that fluorescent microscope is going to do with ultraviolet light but that ultraviolet light and you know ultraviolet light you've seen at so many places forget this microscope but ultraviolet light you've seen at so many places right even in day to day life you might get to see some instrument in some machine ultraviolet light is used but not every ultraviolet light is going to give me this kind of a green color because when you're dealing with a fluorescent microscope the light is ultraviolet light but what you're also using is a shiny color you're using a fluorescent dye you'll see my which dye are you using for example this is a slide you say that ma'am there's a patient in our country this patient has come up with cuff with sputum so cuff with sputum in our country the first thing that I think logically is it could be a case of tuberculosis if I'm suspecting tuberculosis this is the sputum sample that is there on the slide what is the dye that I will add to it if you're suspecting TB auramine and rhodamine are very famous fluorescent dyes so please remember oramine and rodamine are the fluorescent attacks coming to next if you're suspecting fever witches malaria what is the fluorescent dye acridine orange is the fluorescent diet and number three if you're suspecting a fungus anyway fungus has become Once Upon a Time in the second wave was quite a hero second wave of covet so fungus fluorescent stain remember fungus fluorescent discalco flower white fungus fluorescent is calculate repeating for TB it is for malaria it is acted in Orange for fungus it is flower bite and what will then happen so when this UV light comes in contact with any of these dyes the next question that they will ask you in the paper is what wavelength changes to what so please remember shorter wavelength changes to longer wavelength initially the ultraviolet light had a shorter wavelength when it will come in contact with the fluorescent dye it will change into a longer wavelength so shorter to longer is what you know for fluorescent microscopia that's the final outcome that's the final outcome that you get you finally get to see all these fluorescent color organisms and this was actually a case of TB only you can see the bacilli so now if I ask you if this is actually a case of TB what fluorescent dye must have been used the fluorescent dye that must have been used must have been either or amine or it would have been okay so this one's also done let's move on to the next microscope the very very famous em electron microscope so first the picture is quite characteristic if you look very carefully if we look at this very carefully we will see that it looks somewhat like a spaceship it looks like a space shuttle because it's closed from everywhere why is it closed from everywhere for example if I keep it here this is the electron microscope if I want to peep inside it and ask you what is the source you say ma'am for everything you were telling me a light let's do a recap for example for light microscope I told you the source was transmitted light for dark field microscope I told you that Source was reflected light for fluorescent microscope I told you the source was UV light but for electron microscope there is no light the source is a beam of electrons the source is a beam of electrons and electrons always have to be kept in vacuum you can't keep electrons out in the open you have to keep it in a vacuum and that is why they've created this kind of a vacuum out here that is why this looks like a closed space shuttle kind of thing what is the next difference when you take the electrons and they are in a vacuum finally you see mm at the end of the day you have a slide you have a specimen on top of it the difference is that in light microscope when when you're given a slide during your practical exams is that slide made up of glass is it a glass light yes because in light microscope we use light light and glass are you know compatible but when I'm dealing with electron microscopes I can't put electrons on a glass with electron microscope I will have to use something called a metal slider that metal slide is literally made up of copper that metal slide is usually made up of copper so remember this slide that we are using over here is going to be a metal slide and finally you will be able to see the picture on an electron microscope there's one more difference that we have actually that's a very famous pathology question but even in microbiome they tend to ask you that what is the difference in the fixed symptoms like for example let's take an example of say a kidney kidney biopsy a surgeon has performed a nephrologist has performed a kidney biopsy and all of us know that in kidney we have to do light microscopy also and in kidney we have to do electron microscopios right okay so when both of these are decided anyway then I would say that find uh this kidney there are two from here you've taken one tissue from this area you've taken another tissue you have two tissues I'll say send one for like microscopes send one for electron microscope so you will put them in what Solutions what containers will you drop first biopsy in what container will you drop the second biopsy and what solution so the one that you're sending for light microscope you will drop it in a container of 10 neutral buffered formula 10 neutral buffered formulin and in a container which you want to send for electron microscope you are going to use 2 to 2.5 percent neuter aldehyde we're going to use 2 to 2.5 so repeating for light microscope it is 10 mbf for electron microscope it is 2 to 2.5 percent very very important questions now that we've done the microscope just a quick one or two questions to assess our knowledge P by Q maximum magnification that you have of a light microscope repeating maximum magnification that you have of a light microscope 10x 100x 40x thousand X so they've asked you the maximum magnification and I think everyone knows we've just done this that you have to multiply the maximum of the objective lenses with 10 so 100 into 10 you get 1000 x that is the maximum right that solves your question perfectly let's move on to the next question which of the following fluorescent stains is correctly matched which of the following fluorescent stains are correctly matched let's go one by one acted in Orange for TV does not sound right if I remember correctly acrid in Orange is for malaria acted in Orange is for malaria and TBA we have auramine glutamine for TB we have oramine programming so this is not correctly that is basically used for a case of malaria this is also incorrect so what is the final correctly matched statement the correctly math statement calco flower white foreign order of micro the different staining techniques and I think while I've said bread and butter I'll start with genuinely the bread and butter that is gram staining no microbiology lab can be ever made without starting a grand steel so what do you have what all questions can you get either they'll give you the names of these chemicals and they'll say identify the stain or they'll give you these colors pictorial representation or they'll simply tell you that okay I've given you these four chemicals arrange them in the right order so how do you identify and how do you deal with a Gram stain the mnemonic is come in and stain if you want to learn it simple that's the protocol if you want to learn Ramstein then you just have to come in and steam so what is this come in and stain c i a s that is how we learn it we call it come in and stain so what is the first thing that you add the first thing that you add is Crystal Violet you can see a violet color so please make sure when we add Crystal Violet the gram positive organisms and the gram-negative organisms both of them are going to become bottom color violet purple in color so whether it is a gram positive or it is a gram negative on adding Crystal Violet both of them will become purple in them after Crystal Violet I I for iodine iodine is said to be the modern what is a modern modern is like a hammer like you if you put a nail and then you panic then you hammer it so that the nail goes inside the wall same way if you put a stain you want it to go to all the bacteria so you put a hammer on top of it iodine is that hammer which will make sure that Crystal Violet reaches all the bacteria so that hammer is known as a modern next you use alcohol either you can use alcohol or acetone have you seen the color has vanished because alcohol or acetone is a decolorizer means it's going to pull all the color out so now telling you initially the gram positive and the gram negative both had got a purple color on adding alcohol gram positive doesn't show any change Ram positive Still Remains purple because positive and purple will always grow together the gram negative ones are going to become colorless what is your mnemonic positive people positivity stays till the end once positive always positive so remember positive gram bacteria the gram positive bacteria which had become purple once they will still remain purple always till the end but gram negative negativity makes you lose everything in life correct exam going students remember negativity will make you lose everything in life so negative bacteria will lose the color they will become colorless to find them now add a color to them also so there you add the last red color thing that you're putting over here saffron and saffroning is the last stain which now you'll say Okay positive ones from the beginning to the end have remained purple the negative ones had lost the color in between so now the negative ones have also become red because what have I got I'm finally having saffron finally having saffron so this is your final interpretation of a Gram stain so let's repeat when you look at a Gram stain can you see all these things which are purple in color all these organisms which are purple in color they are going to be gram positive and all these organisms which are radiation color reddish pinkish in color those organisms are definitely going to be damn negative I hope the entire protocol is clear come in and stain yes coming to the next one that's another one which you have in terms of the bread and butter of microbiology and that is the z n stain Z and stain also known as the acid fasting ZM stain also referred to as the acid fast stain what you have to know in this guys let's proceed so there's a mnemonic for this also so once a student had asked for a mnemonic in class I was just teaching it generally the student said no man indeed and mnemonic so then we made an impromptu mnemonic and that was class has asked mnemonic for ZM state that is how we learn it class has asked mnemonic so what is this c h a m let's start what do you add with C with C we have something called carbon Fusion the first thing that you are adding over here is carbon fusion with h you can see that there is heating going on first you put carbon Fusion after that you are going to put heat you're going to heat the slide after that comes a you put acid most of the time you put sulfuric acid most of the times most commonly added is a for acid sulfuric acid and finally Cham in the end you have a second stain can you see something brewish in color they've added something called methylene blue they've added something called foreign picture I think you will be able to guess this very very well and what do you have over here our slide and that slide is classically showing you that the organism this is a case of TDX the organism has come out what in color so let's ask you when we ask you in terms of the result the organism has come out to be red in color and if they ask you what is the color of the background you can very well see that the background has come out to be blue in color so you know the examiner is very smart he won't give you the photo he'll ask you as a fill in the blanks that in the ZET and stain or in the acid fasting organism is water in color background is what in color so can we see that the organism is nicely yellow and is the organism that I've marked over here is nicely red in color and the background that you're having is blue and color and this is actually a case of TB so the next question coming up in front of you you used carbon Fusion then you used heat then you used acid alcohol dangerous methylene let's write that down once again and see some variations repeating Cardinal Fusion Heat acid methylene if I say in the first term in the first particular variation that heating has not been done I have removed this heating step you'll see ma'am if you're not eating maybe you are doing carbon Fusion then you're doing alcohol acid alcohol then you're doing methylene blue you're not heating so what kind of Zen will you call it you will now call it the cold Zen state We Now call this the cold dead and stain because you're not heating it right and this is known as the canyon or the gabbit stain this variation is said to be the canyon or the Cabbage stain repeating the cold Zen stain is known as the kidneyon KK sound the cold ZM stain is known as the canyon or the garbage stain okay now having said that moving on let's go on to another variation firstly okay if I ask you like I think this question must be coming in your mind that man why have you removed the heating process why have you made it cold for what purpose what is the use of the canyon or the gamut stain remember there's a parasitic family many of you might have heard of known by the name of coccidian parasites coccidian parasites again a case sound coming they don't need the heating process even without the heat they can get stained so remember Cc or KK sound cold Z and stain is known as skinny on the stain and it is used for the coccidium parasites let's do one more variation again we'll write it down again so what do we have the Z instance is double Fusion then heat then acid then methane now they ask you what concentrations of acid are you using so please remember what are the different concentrations of acid that we are using anything where the word TB comes TB like tuberculosis or any atypical mycobacteria anywhere the word TB comes we are talking about 20 h2so4 we are dealing with 20 percent h2so4 T20 right T20 is how we learn it so anything to do with TB we say T20 next anything to do with Leprosy what is leprosy lepra bacillus anything to do with leprosy or leprobacillus how many alphabets does lepra have five that means we are going to use five percent h2so4 5 h2so4 then for things like No cardia And Legionella they use one percent h2so4 for nogardia and Regional one percent h2so4 and finally if you want to stain the spores of a bacteria you go in for the least common iteration that is 0.25 2.5 percent h2so4 so basically I've written it in a decreasing order right for TB you can very well see that for TB and atypical DB T20 will consider for lepra you will count the alphabets five alphabets five percent h2so4 for no cardia and Legionella it is one percent h2so4 and first force it is 0.25 to 0.5 percent h2so4 last question pertinent to this table is out of all of these which of them is known as the fight for aqueous stain very very important question which of these is known as the fight for a course tail so what does fight stand for use or what does it sound like username fight sounds like five so which of them was using five percent h2so4 the lepro bacillus was using five percent h2so4 so can I see the same Z and steam in which I am using five percent h2so4 basically I'm using it for the left wrap that has been given a separate name called as fight foraku so easiest mnemonic fight sounds like five so the five percent H2S of over ID is known as the fight for at the stain for the five alphabet left program status okay so having said that now the next thing that you would want to ask me that ma'am right now you've told us TV leprosy no cardia are these the only things that are positive for Z and stain no now comes the next thing what are all the things that you have in microbiology that are Z and positive or in other words you can say that is acid past positive so please remember there's a mnemonic for that and that mnemonic is is old and what how did I make this mnemonic because I got to know that Z and stain can happen with heating also red and stain can happen without eating also did I just tell you that Z and stain can happen with helium also the routine can happen without heating also the cold one right so then we made a mnemonic my nose is cold and hot so what are the things which are zet and stayed positive Pi stands for everything with mycobacteria pi stands for everything with anything of mycobacteria mycobacteria TB mycobacteria leprosy or any atypical mycobacteria as long as the word mycobacteria is coming you should be happy that yes mycobacteria for my we are going to put together then we come to is is for isospora is for ISO spora C for cyclosporum c for Cyclospora and one more C that is cryptosporidium isospora Cyclospora and cryptosporidium what do they belong to for those who've not read parasitology nothing to worry let me tell you isosora Cyclospora and cryptosporidium are nothing but members of which family they are the members of the coccidian parasites and have I told you that for coccidian parasites will you use the regular zet and stain or will you be using the cold Zen stain the canyon variety is what you will be using over here moving on to the next my nose is cold and hot so h o the h o that you have over here are hooklets of hydrated please remember h o for euclids of hydrated are acid fast and T the t is left the t is eggs of tenia sajinata tinya sajinata eggs are also going to show you an acid first appearance so repeating my stands for mycobacteria nose for no Cardiology positive one more thing that I wish to discuss at the outset is this one you see man this is looking a little different because the background has got a color in everything when I was showing you I used to say look bacteria has a color in the next photo that I showed you again for Z and stain I said look the bacteria has a color but now I'm showing you something different I am saying the background has a color so the background is going to take up the stain the organism is going to be unsticked the background is going to pick up the stain and the main organism is going to be unstable so what do you think is this a routine one or is this going to be something like a negative stain so please remember this staining protocol is a little different like you had negatives in a film or negatives in you know the Polaroid and the other photos that we used to take long back now obviously very few cameras are used but we used to click and we used to get a film a negative film from which we could develop more pictures so what is a negative stain it looks something like a negative film it looks very black in the background negative stain is particularly used for organisms that have a capsule because even you can't put color to the capsule in many of the organisms you can't put color to the capsule so what do you do you put a color to the background you'll give a color to the background so the capsule will shine out the capsule will get highlighted that okay so please remember this is very commonly used for cryptococcus cryptococcus which we'll be studying in the next session which comes basically under fungus or mycology cryptococcal meningitis we will study so whenever you want to pick up trip to focus you do negative stain any examples of a negative stain that you've heard of remember there's something called an India in Steam there's India ink stain there's something called a nigrosomestic India ink and hydro Sim stains are negative stains that we have given the most essential stains that you need for the exam are somewhere done and I can probably ask you this question now which has come as a pyq in the SMG exam gram staining is what is it a simple stain a differential stain is it a dry heat sterilization or none of the above so this much I think I know that it is not any sterilization technique it is definitely a stain so tell me is it a simple one color stain or is it helping me differentiate as far as my process thought process goes Gram stain differentiates gram positive organisms versus gram negative organisms right it differentiates gram positive versus gram negative which basically means that this is a kind of a differential stain this is a kind of a differential State let's move on to the next question what is the correct order of this gram staining think of your mnemonic and then select the answer I give you five to ten seconds select your answer gram staining if you remember the mnemonic come in and steam come in and stain this means the purple color one and the red color one the purple color one was crystal Violet I was for iodine a was for alcohol or acetone and S was for saffronym come in and sting that's the protocol that we have for gram staining Crystal Violet will give a purple color as all of us know and saffronil will give a red color coming to the next question what is the stain used in the preparation of the AFB acid fast bacillus the stain used in the preparation of acid phosphorus Zane Nelson or India I think we've understood acid fast means we are dealing with disease Nelson stain none of the others and right now one more question that you can get India Inc India ink is what kind of a stain India ink is a negative stain means whenever you want to stain something like a cryptococcus or you want to stain something that has a capsule negative staining is what you use coming to the next question in ZN staining what is the secondary state in ZN staining what is the secondary stain that you have Crystal Violet saffronin methylene blue or alcohol so think of the mnemonic for Z and stain class has asked mnemonic what is a secondary stain first let's write down class has asked mnemonic means I first add carbon Fusion that's the first red color that I add primary stain after that I do heating after that I put an acid which everyone knows sulfuric acid h2so4 and then after that we add something called methylene wood so this becomes the next color this becomes the secondary color the stain the color that you add first will be primary the color that you add second or last will be secondary over here the secondary stain was asked so the secondary stain definitely becomes methylene let's practice another question metachromatic statement this is something I am giving you as homework because this stain I will be teaching you under the bacteriology section so in the next section obviously I will be teaching you bacteriology and that time I'm going to give you the answer so this is going to be a little bit of a homework and if you know the answer to this in this session or in this video only you can always type out and let me know what are meta chromatic granules which of the following are the stains which are going to stain them which bacteria am I talking about so which bacteria and which stain if you know the answer put it in the comments if you don't know the answer the next session of bacteriology this is going to be very very very important okay guys staining methodology questions are done I think we can move on to the next one and the next one is actually very interesting I'll first make you attempt the question the next topic is going to take care of this mesosomes are formed by the invagination of what mesozoans are formed by the invagination of formed by the imagination of cell membrane imagination more prominent and gram-positive bacteria both the statements are true both the statements are false this is not a p by 2 this is a new question that we've brought up but is something which is definitely expected so this is about the anatomy of a bacteria what all does a bacteria have so what we'll do we'll first let's discuss the entire anatomy and then let's come back to the question the answer to this is both the statements are true so let's talk about the bacterial Anatomy I've tried to draw one in a hand drawn diagram before we go on to something very big let's do something basic that we have over here okay so the first thing that you see over here you'll see Mom let's start from the outermost this outer pink color thing that you have that is either a capsule or a slime layer so obviously Common Sense tells me capsule will be very very rigid if the organism has a capsule it's going to be very very rigid and slime layer is going to be very very loose so the organism will have either either it will have a tough rigid capsule or it will have a slime lip so all of you can see that the outside is made up of capsule now there's a question on the capsule that you get guys please don't what is a capsule made up of remember capsules are made up of polysaccharides capsules are made up of polysaccharides if I said that this means there will be some exception and yes there is an exception which I'll be teaching you under bacteria that is bacillus anthritis or bacillus Anthrax remember bacillus anxious does not have a polysaccharide capsule it has a polypeptide Capsule that's going to be a very important question that we'll be doing under bacteriology repeating all the capsules that you have all the capsules that you have are polysaccharides but the one that you have in bacillus anthritis that is going to be a polypeptide capsule coming back what do you have after capsule look at the inner ones look at the black and the green colorless they are the cell walls they are both part of cell wall so this black color one also and the green color one also they are all cell phone and that is where 10 star most important questions are going to combine because cell wall of gram positive and gram negative will vary I'll show you another picture have a look at these photos I'm sure you've seen them in your textbooks this is the cell wall of a gram positive and this is the cell wall of a gram negative so ma'am how did you identify just within two seconds what made you identify gram positive see let's try to you remember in sometimes in our free time when we get those things or links on Instagram or probably on Facebook where they uh tell us to select the differences between two very similar looking photos so these are two very similar looking photos and I've given them to you to find out the difference you'll see my first I'll tell you the similarities this also has something called nag and Nam and this also has something called means an acetyl glucosamine and acetyl glucosamine and n-acetal muramic acid is over here an acetyl glucosamine and n-acetylmuramic acid is over here so both of them are present in a gram-positive and a gram-negative cell wall but then I see something else also I realize that there is something extra that is present there is something extra the yellow color ones are what the yellow color ones are named so these yellow color ones which are none I am seeing that they are getting connected by one two three four five molecules I've also tried to draw it out so you've got Nam and nag Nam and nag Nam and nag but in a gram positive organism you will say that my name is connected Nam is connected whereas in a gram negative organism I don't see any connection anywhere so what is the point there is a pentapeptide bridge between the Nam molecules there is a Penta peptide bridge in a gram positive organism and there is no bridge in a gram-negative organism it's the easiest mnemonic that you can learn e for p what do I mean by that that in a gram positive organism a pentapeptide bridge is present and in a gram-negative organism a pentapeptide bridge is not present have a look at this Auto again you'll say yes ma'am I can see the five pentapeptide here but I don't see the pentapeptide here so you are right I can finally Spot the Difference Penta peptide bridge between the Nan molecules P for p positive organism not seen in a negative organism what other differences do you have what other differences do we have between gram positive and gram negative another P coming up peptidoglycan layer so which of them will have more peptidoglycan a thicker peptidoglycer using MP for positive P for peptidoglycan so gram-positive organisms have a very very thick peptidoglycan and gram-negative organisms have a very very thin peptidoglycan so you will say that Mom okay over here in gram positive majority of it is P for p it has a lot of peptidoglycan on it but in gram negative when the peptidoglycan is very very thin what other thing makes up for it what makes the cell wall then I'll say it is lipopolysaccharides so lipid content will be more in the gram negative ones repeating guys now finally the take home message for you guys is that when you are told to differentiate between a gram positive and a gram negative remember P for positive which means p and p is what you are going to write which of them has a thicker peptidoglycan which of them has a thicker peptidoglycan it is gram-positive which of them has the penta peptide Bridge the pentapeptide bridge is also present in the positive so positive peptidoglycan and pentapeptide that's the cell wall pain component cell wall finally after cell wall you say ma'am this brown color thing is the cell membrane and can you see so I label it this brown color thing that you have is the cell membrane can you all see the cell membrane has dipped inside over here and the cell membrane has dipped inside over here what is this dipping inside this dipping inside is a mesozoam and that was the question that I had asked you the cell membrane dips like this and the cell membrane dips like this so can I say it is formed by the imagination of the cell membrane yes does it happen both in gram positive and in gram negative yes but it is more in gram positive organisms piezosomes are prominent again p4p piezosomes are prominent where mesosomes are prominent in the gram positive organisms but what are mesos the purpose of these measles also please remember everything about mesosomes that you need to know remember mesosomes are also known as chondroids that's another name that has been given to them so zones are also known as chondroids number one question they are the cell membrane invagination they are the imagination of cell membrane number two where are they seen more they are prominent in positive than in gram negative and last what is their function they function for the respiration this is a respiratory organ of the bacteria respiration respiratory function or respiratory organ organ of the bacteria is a mesosome other than this there is no fourth question that can come cell membrane imagination prominent and positives and respiratory function and hence the answer over here was both the statements are correct what else am I left with in that diagram I'm left with these three projections coming out called pilai Remember pilai are also known as Furia and their function is attachment Whenever two bacteria want to attach Whenever there are two bacteria and those two bacteria want to attach they can attach like this by the pylaxis are basically for attachment versus what is this flagella the next one is flagella and when we say flagella these baby things coming out I think everyone knows that flagella is used for proposition when the organism wants to move around lot of movement motility we'll be talking about in bacteriology when the organism wants to move around definitely no pollution is something which will be carried out by Flagyl okay having said that what is uh the next question that we have here you go mesophilic organism grows at what so mesophilic organism is going to prove at what particular temperature there are three main temperatures that we have want to learn those we'll come back to the answer after that requirements for a bacteria for a bacteria to grow please remember the temperature can either be a medium range temperature or it can be in minus so they are like cyclic temperature site profiles cyclic temperatures minus temperatures or they can be higher temperatures so when I'm talking about medium range temperatures 20 to 40 anything between 20 to 40 the medium range the bacteria that grow in this medium range temperatures are mucophones meso will remind you of medium range temperatures the organisms that grow at minus temperatures they are cyclic temperatures cyclophiles cyclophiles grow at psychic temperatures of minus and the organisms that grow at high temperatures 55 to 80 for high temperature we use the word thermal they are thermophiles so easy to learn mesophile medium temperature 20 to 40 side profile psychic temperatures minus and thermal thermal means more temperature so higher temperature 55 to 80. so the pyq that came was mesophilic organisms medium so it cannot be under the minus it cannot be low temperatures it cannot be high temperatures it has to be somewhere medium between a 20 to 40 so that's the best answer that you have over here okay having said I'm done with this question let's move on to the next the next question that we have is correlation occurs in this particular phase of the bacterial growth curve repeating which phase of the bacterial growth curve is going to show you sporulation so I hope some of you definitely know the answer for those who don't you will know the answer in exactly five minutes because what we are going to discuss is the bacterial growth curve so what I'll do I'll first draw the bacterial growth what exactly are you trying to analyze in a bacterial growth curve it has one A Flat Line then the line goes up then again a flat line and then the line goes down so basically when you're talking about the bacterial root curve this axis over here is going to basically tell you the number of the bacteria this is going to tell you the number of the bacteria this obviously will tell you the time and the duration so first you will say that ma'am there's a flat line means this is said to be a lag this is said to be the lag is after that you'll say rise in the number so rise in the number means we are in a log phase log always means exponential increase in number bacteria are multiply this is a stationary fix this line over here is the stationary phase and finally dropping down is what phase it is referred to as the decline phase this is referred to as the decline phase so repeating we have something called the lag phase and the log phase and the stationary phase and the decline so now let's do the characteristics of all let's start with the first one this particular phase where everything is standing still the lag phase this is basically all of us in the lockdown when all of us are in the lockdown what were we doing we were sitting we were eating we were just uh sitting at one place no activity no moving around that's it just sit and eat and become fat that is what we did in the lab now that is what the bacteria are also doing although we did actually because all of most of us were on duties and working but let's consider it as what most of the people did was sitting and eating and becoming fat at them bacteria in the lag phase in the lag is just like a lockdown bacteria it's just going to increase in size it will gather all its raw materials it will eat a lot of food it will make a lot of enzymes it will make a lot of metabolites it is going to become very fat it's going to increase its size why is it doing so I can say it's the silence before the storm because after this it knows I have to work a lot after this it knows that I will have to work a lot multiply a lot so let me gather all my energy let me gather all my energy let me adapt and gather enzymes metabolites so that I'm ready all my raw material is ready then in the next phase I only have to work a lot so if I ask you a question that maximum size is at the end of a bacteria maximum size of a bacteria is at the end of which phase will know that okay at this phase at this Junction at the end of the lag phase there is going to be maximum bacterial uh size that I will encounter that is the land after lag what do we have next after lag the next goes on to this that is going to be log there's going to be the long face means exponential bacteria has started dividing there is maximum activity all the bacteria dividing means all of them are living all the bacteria are dividing means all of them are living all of them will take the same color when all of them are living all of them will seem to take like for example you say mama to gram State I'll say if all of them are positive gram positive all of them will take the color because they are all living if they are gram negative all of them will take the color because they are all living so log basically tells you number increase there's an increase in the number of the bacteria till a time there comes something known as stationary effects can you see we've entered into a station out here why is this a station because now some cells have started dying but we are not going down if the cells would have been dying we would have going down I'm saying we've reached a plateau because right now the live cells and the dead cells are equal in them that is why we are at a standstill we are at a plateau because the live cells and the dead cells are equal enough that is why can I say I have now some living cells some dead cells so the kind of staining will be non-uniform if you remember prior to this in the logged phase all of them were living so the staining was very very uniform now I've got some living and some dead equally equal in number which means non-uniform staining will be there what else please remember we write it as stationary phase we write it as stationary because it's going to tell me that three things happen in this phase what are the three things audio Nation stored formation happens here so S course for formation and stationary phase toxin production by the bacteria happens here t for toxin production and if and you know even bacteria can produce antibiotics if antibiotic production has to happen that will also happen in this particular case repeating guys if Spore formation has to happen toxin production has to happen antibiotic production has to happen all of it happens in the stationary phase where the live and the dead cells are the equal in them and finally you say mm the cell is dying when all the cells have died when all the bacterial cells have died bacteria have died when the dead cells are known the number will go down so simple now if I get you to the question which I asked you sporulation occurs in this phase of bacterial growth curve as for sporulation what's your answer stationary because if you remember sporulation toxin antibiotic three things happen in the stationary phase to a last recap remember what happens in the lag phase lag phase is all about becoming fat it's all about maximum size log face finally the number will increase stationary phase we've already done Spore toxin antibiotic decline phase means everything is basically died it is all the dead bacteria that's a bacterial growth curve that they ask you in the exam which is very very important well so I can say roughly half of the microbiology you've done for us and in terms of General microbiology and now in the next session we will be taking up the second part of General microbiology which will include two very important topics number one sterilization and disinfection and number two there's going to be bacterial genetics so two very important uh ones which I'll be covering up in the second part of the microbial crashes thank you for joining hi everyone and welcome back to the YouTube session well I'm Dr Priti Sharma and today we'll be discussing the second part of the microbiology crash course this will be important for all the fmg as well as the neat PG aspirants well if you remember well and if you've not seen I would request you to see the previous session also in the previous session we've taken the first part of General microbiology under which we've covered some very important topics like scientists microscopes stains bacterial Anatomy bacterial physiology so all of that was the first part and this comes across as the second part of the general microbiology there are two very important topics that we'll be covering under this particular lesson number one we'll be dealing with bacterial genetics and the second one that we'll be talking about is sterilization and disinfection so I think indeed both are very important topics for the upcoming exam well let's start right away let's start and let's begin with bacterial genetics when we talk about bacterial genetics we have three things that come in our mind I'll show you these three terms that we have to know transduction transformation and conjugation and the most important thing that you need to know is that this is a genetic transfer so basically this is happening from one bacteria to another bacteria so all that we need to know in these three situations is how the DNA or the genetics is transferred from one to another so the very first out of these that we'll be considering is transduction so who transfers material from this bacteria to this bacteria and this is by the help of something known as a bacteriophage I am sure everyone has seen a bacteriophage which looks something like a tadpole if you've seen a bacteriophage earlier in the textbooks it looks something like a tadpole shaped structure but what exactly is a bacteriophage when we look at a bacteriophage although it has the name bacteria under it but guys bacteriophage are primarily refers to it's a DNA virus it belongs to a DNA virus so can I indirectly say that ultimately it's a virus which is transferring material from one bacteria to another it's a virus which is doing that so let us see a particular situation let us see this is something known as generalized transduction what do I mean by that so you can all see that this is a bacteria right and this is the DNA of the bacteria I want all of you to note over here that bacterial DNA will always be circular like this bacterial DNA always is circular so you can see the bacteria I am calling it the donor cell this is the donor bacteria because from here something is going to go onto this bacteria onto this bacterial cell so that is known as the recipient bacteria so we have a donor bacteria we have a recipient bacteria and you want that this DNA from here should some somehow Reach This DNA over here you want the transfer to occur and who's going to come to our rescue that tadpole shaped bacteriophage so you can see that the bacteriophage enters first attaches first it is going to attach to the donor cell it's going to actually penetrate can you see this DNA entering so now you will say ma'am in this particular bacteria you've got two types of DNA one you've got the DNA of the bacteria itself so one you've got the host DNA in this particular bacteria and the second DNA that you've got is the DNA of a bacteriophage is the DNA of a bacteriophile so these are the two dnas that are present and now more bacteriophages will form why so because I just told you bacteriophage is a kind of a DNA virus so that is how a virus replicates it first enters into a cell then from the different kind of dnas that are present can you see more bacteriophages have formed there are more DNA that has formed some of the bacteriophages have the blue color DNA some of them have the red color DNA means some of the bacteriophages have their own DNA some of the bacteriophages have the DNA of the bacteria the red color one have a look at this this bacteriophage has taken up the DNA of the donor bacteria it has taken up the DNA of the donor bacteria and can you see it is now giving it to the other bacteria to the recipient bacteria so no one's going to make you write this down when it comes to an McQ what you have to know is primarily that this bacteriophage has picked up the DNA from the donor owner and has ultimately got it to the recipient and you can see that in the recipient the fusion has occurred the donor DNA plus the recipient DNA repeating the donor DNA that the bacteriophage got and the recipient DNA which was the own DNA of this particular bacteria both of them have recombined and that is when I say the genetic material is transferable and is successful so can I say in transduction DNA goes from one bacteria to another and who is taking that DNA bacteriophage which is actually a virus but this was just one type of transduction I called it generalized transduction there is another type of transduction which is a little special a little different and that is specialized transduction again no one's going to make you draw this entire flowchart because luckily we have an McQ based exam to give however what's the basic difference that you guys have to spot so you'll say ma'am it's the same bacteria it's the same donor bacteria that you have over here it's the same bacteriophage that you have over here bacteriophage DNA I can see over here donor DNA I can see over here this is exactly what was happening earlier earlier also you could see bacteriophage DNA you could see donor DNA but they always remained separate separate the bacteriophage DNA had different uh follow-up the donor DNA had a different follow-up here both of these end up becoming combined both of these means the bacteriophage DNA and the donor DNA first they combine and then they split so first they combine and then they split but splitting or breakups are always with a lot of memories right when they combine well and good but when they split can you see the red color the bacteriophage DNA has not come out alone it has taken a part of the donor DNA also a bit of the donor DNA has also been taken like I said breakups are always with memories right so when the bacteria red color DNA split back it took a little bit of memory from the donor and now can you see finally the kind of bacteriophages that you have have a little bit of self and little bit of donor and that is what it is going to go and give to the recipient the recipient DNA or the recipient bacteria so what did you realize you say ma'am there's something extra that has happened in this specialized transduction and that extra is the fusion and the split up the fusion and the split up has happened and that is considered as extra over here so that guys is referred to as a specialized transduction so two types of transductions number one generalized where everything remains separate number two specialized whether the fusion and split up that is involved between the bacteriophage DNA and the donor DNA that's the first thing that is known as transduction let's move on to the second one there's something known as transformation now that's also equally important when I say transformation I'll draw one picture for you and it'll make it very simple so when we are talking about transformation we say that for example if this is a bacteria let's consider this to be a bacteria and this bacteria has its own DNA so you'll see ma'am let's make a circular DNA like this it has its own bacterial DNA but now transformation what transformation is going to occur it's going to take up some DNA from the environment is there anyone getting the DNA no it's just going to take up free DNA is taken up from the environment free DNA is going to be taken up from the surroundings or it has been taken up from the environment that is what you call as transformation very very important again for your exams transformation means what just picking up the DNA from the environment that's it so is there any bacteriophage is there any bacteria a virus anything in involved no just the free DNA which is there in the environment is kind of absorbed so transformation done what is the last one and unfortunately the toughest one that is conjugation so let's study conjugation now after which we'll get down to solving a few mcqs also so what do we understand by conjugation over here guys please remember there is again going to be a transfer but who is going to do that transfer this time so again we'll draw it this happens to be the donor bacteria and this happens to be the recipient bacteria now having said that who is going to attach between both of them or how is the transfer going to occur I've made a bridge between both of them yesterday if you remember when we were studying the different types of um you know the different types of transfers and we were studying the bacterial Anatomy we definitely studied that what is involved in the attachment is always a pilot do you remember this in the previous session we studied that what is a attached in the in the or what is involved in the attachment is always going to be the pi life so same way if someone asks you what helps in transfer in conjugation so in conjugation it's always going to be the pylight that is involved so here you have first let's see the donor bacteria we call the donor bacteria as a male and here you have a recipient bacteria we call the recipient bacteria as a female so you'll see ma'am this means donor bacteria has its own DNA like every bacteria has DNA recipient bacteria also has its own DNA so like every bacteria donor DNA male DNA female DNA but what am I transferring I am transferring something different I am some transferring something known as F Factor what is f factor F factor is a fertility factor F factor is referred to as a fertility factor which basically means that the male always has a fertility factor I call it f plus the male always has a fertility factor and now I want that the fertility Factor should also go over here that is what I want I want this female did not have a fertility factor that is why this female was F negative but now I want that the fertility Factor should also go over here now there's a catch guys when I say the fertility factor from here the male has gone to the female I don't mean that the main male will become negative no it's a copy it's like it'll duplicate one copy will stay here one copy will go there so both of them will end up becoming positive positive none of them will remain negative so remember this just replicates copy paste it's going to make a copy and the copy is going to go here so one copy shall remain here one copy shall remain there so you will say that the mail was always F positive but the female will now become F positive so what happens that is what they ask you in the paper they ask you that initially you had something called a mail the mail was always F positive and you had a female and the female was F negative means the male had the fertility Factor the female did not have the fertility Factor but in the end when this transfer occurs can I say both of them end up having the fertility Factor both of them become f plus f plus I hope that's okay with everyone yes so that's what they ask you in the paper f plus and F minus when they conjugate both end up becoming f plus f plus and repeating what is f plus or what is f f means fertility Factor where is this fertility Factor present it is present on a circular structure called plasmid so if this is the plasmid here there is a fertility Factor on top of it so if I ask you is plasmid a part of the main DNA or is it extra chromosomal think logically is it a part of the main DNA of the bacteria or is it extra chromosomal I think you know the answer it is going to be extra chromosomal okay well having said that the first combination is done and after I'll show you a total of three combinations after that we'll do a recap Also let's come to the second combination in fact I'll just give you a quick quick recap one by one we'll write I have to tell you total three scenarios in the first scenario I am saying that if this is a male bacteria and this is a female bacteria and both of them have their dnas like they do now I am saying fertility Factor has to go from here to here so initially the male was f plus and the female was F minus but now both of them have become f plus and f plus that's the first combination because this has gone from here to here now let's look at the second combination again this is your bacteria everyone can see this is the DNA of the bacteria and this is the fertility factor of the bacteria this has a fertility Factor this bacteria is an f plus so you'll say ma'am this means this is a male bacteria it has a fertility Factor now you'll say just give it to the female bacteria that is what you are expecting but before this goes to the female both of these end up making a pact both of these end up fusing this is all happening in the donor own rate right now in the same bacteria the main DNA and the plasmid repeating the main DNA and the fertility Factor they have recombined they have recombined what do you call this kind of a cell this kind of a cell is known as HFR that is high frequency recombinant it is referred to as high frequency recombinant so when the main DNA and the fertility Factor fuse you call it high frequency recombinant now let's consider a scenario now let me consider that over here I have something known as an HFR kind of a cell what is an HFR kind of a cell it has the DNA of the host bacteria and the fertility factor which has fused they are going to now conjugate by a pylus with the F negative means a female see she has her DNA but she doesn't have a fertility Factor she's a female she's F negative which basically means that now the combination is going to happen between an HFR and an F negative female between an HFR and an F negative female what will happen you'll say ma'am a part of it a part of both a part of the host a part of the fertility factor is going to repeating a part of this and a part of this will go to the female but what am I saying again and again only a part of the fertility Factor will go do you think if I give incomplete fertility Factor will this female end up getting the fertility Factor if incomplete things are coming to it no you will say ma'am in this situation the female will still remain negative she will still remain negative because you're not sending the complete fertility Factor you're sending a part of the fertility Factor so what did I analyze out of this that this Still Remains HFR in the end this will still remain HFR and the female will still remain F negative so when there is a recombination or when there is a conjugation between HFR and F negative the male Still Remains HFR the female will get a part of two things but only a part so she will still remain F negative that's scenario number two so repeating when there is a recombination or when there is a conjugation between an H FR and an F negative female the HFR remains as it is and the female is also going to remain F negative she does not receive the fertility Factor coming to the third situation I know by now it must be getting a little uh you know a little stressful because too many things coming up but we'll be revising in the end now let's start again from the beginning you'll say this is the donor this is the mail why am I calling it a male because I can see the DNA and I can see the fertility Factor so this is an f plus male now when both of them try to in the same DNA when both of them integrate do you agree you've come up with an HFR kind of male high frequency recombinant okay third scenario after recombining I've still not reached the other bacteria everything is happening in the same bacteria the same male bacteria the same male bacteria they fuse deformed HFR now after combining they split up another breakup coming in the same male bacteria now the DNA is again separate and the fertility factor is again separate but what did we learn breakups are always with memories so when the fertility Factor comes back this time it carries a little bit of the DNA of the host also so repeating first there was DNA separate fertility Factor separate when both of them combined we got an HFR now both of them have broken up so what you have that cell is known as F Prime cell now when they break up and this carries a little bit of memory is from the DNA this is known as an F Prime this F Dash is known as an F Prime cell now let's consider this male is an F Prime male and this conjugates with a female female we know is always F negative so now I'm talking about F Prime conjugation with f negative you say the F Prime totally goes here so the male was anyway F Prime and now the female will also become F Prime so when F Prime and F negative conjugate both of them end up becoming F Prime let's repeat when F Prime and F negative are going to conjugate when F Prime and F negative are going to conjugate both of them are going to become F Prime F Prime so let's do a recap these are all understanding things now let's do how will I quickly solve the question in the exam so please remember whether you're dealing with simple f plus or you're dealing with f Prime when the male is f plus and the male is f Prime the end result is both of them become the same so when the male was f plus both male and female ended up becoming f plus when the male is f Prime both the male and female end up becoming F Prime so there's no confusion over here f plus and F Prime end result both of them end up becoming that the only problem is in HFR HFR cannot make the female positive HFR cannot make the female positive in HFR scenario the female will always remain negative so remember f plus will make the female f plus F Prime will make the female F Prime but HFR will not be able to do that HFR will not do that means the female will still remain F negative that's your final summary of the conjugations that they can ask for you but honestly speaking there is no way that you can analyze this without out solving questions I personally feel solving questions is the best way of doing this so let's start with question number one on this topic DNA transfer in a bacteria via a Farge is known as which of the following conjugation transduction transformation or translation so DNA transfer in a bacteria that is what I told you one bacteria other bacteria and who is going to do it it's a bacteriophage that's going to do it and this is the first thing that I taught you that was transduction this was transduction I hope you gradually get into the mode of solving these questions okay let's move on to question number two transduction is defined as what bacterial medial viral recombination viral mediated viral recombination viral mediated bacterial recombination or bacterial mediated bacterial recombination so big time confusion they've created with the options right so when I talk about this what all can you see over here okay so I see that transduction let me go back to my basic knowledge transduction is that this is a bacteria and this is a bacteria so it's definitely bacteria to bacteria it's nothing to do with virus to virus it's bacterial recombination bacteria to bacteria who carries it from bacteria to bacteria bacteriophage and what is bacteriophage like I taught you bacteriophage is a DNA virus so virus is the mediator virus is the mediator and that is why the answer to this question happens to be option C because virus is mediating the bacterial recommend Nation virus carries the DNA from here to here so viral mediated bacterial recombination let's move on to question number three let's read the cell in which the F Factor carries along with it some chromosomal genes repeat repeat read again F Factor carries along with it some chromosomal genes for those who've got the answer right very good this is an F Prime cell what exactly were they telling you I'll ask you again this is a bacteria this is a bacteria and this is the DNA of the bacteria further this is said to be the fertility factor of the bacteria this is said to be the fertility Factor can I call this as the F positive bacteria I hope yes the male bacteria the F positive bacteria so this is fine this is f plus now when they combine let's draw the second scenario when they combine means this was the DNA and into it the plasmid has combined if they've combined what do I call it now I call it a recombinant I call it an HFR bacteria Situation Number Three now they've split up when they split up what happens you'll say man we have the same bacteria the DNA has gone separate the plasmid has gone separate but breakups are always with memories means it's carried a part of the DNA from the host that is what they had asked you the cell in which the fertility Factor this fertility Factor carries along with its some chromosomal genes carries along with it some chromosomal genes is known as what that is what we studied that is known as an F Prime cell I hope the questions are making sense now because this is something which could be you know very important but confusing in the exam let's move forward practice another question F factor integrates with the bacterial chromosome to form what so let's go back F Factor integrating they are saying F factor and bacterial chromosome integrate what is the integrated version known as integrated version is known as HFR do I have HFR and the options definitely yes so the integrated version is referred to as HFR let's move on to the next question a bacterial cell in which the F plasmid is integrated with the chromosome have they just put up the same thing in a different language again you are combining the F plasmid with the DNA and I know that this situation is known as high frequency recombinant like I said they can give you the same question in different languages let's practice one last question fertility Factor possessing chromosomal genes is known as again fertility Factor possessing chromosomal Gene something that we just studied again a recap the fertility Factor possessing a few chromosomal genes what do we have it as we call it the F Prime Perfect so I think everyone knows the answer the fertility factor with chromosomal genes F prime factor well having said and done with this I think we can move forward and now we go on to the next concept that you have as we have decided we are going to do two things under today's class and today's session first one was bacterial genetics which is done and the second one is sterilization and disinfection so let's get going guys when I talk about sterilization and disinfection the first thing that I want to teach you is that there will be two different kind of methods that I will be talking about so what are the methods that we have under sterilization disinfection this is going to be number one the physical methods like heating or filtration or some kind of um you know radiation physical methods second type of method is going to be a chemical method chemical means I can use alcohol I can use formaldehyde I can use some gaseous material so either I will do sterilization disinfection with physical methods or I will be doing the same with chemical methods and first and most important type of physical method that we have is going to be heat but please note this heat gets your heating gets you maximum number of questions because heating is just not heating with a candle or Heating Under the Sun heating is of two types they say heating can be dry heat or heating can be moist heat so that is exactly what I'm starting with repeating heating can come as dry heat sterilization and heating can come as moist heat sterilization what do we have under dry heat uh definitely like I told you in earlier days we used to use candles obviously no one uses Candles now earlier days they used to keep the things under sunlight no one does all of that so these things are not coming to you but these two machines are definitely used hot air oven and incineration plant these are the two heating techniques that they are using in dry heat sterilization in every hospital so first I'll show you what a hot air oven looks like it looks like any other oven in your house that probably is used for baking so it's a typical oven and what all can you keep inside it you can keep any kind of glassware means you have a flask you have a flask that you're using in your lab or you have test tubes that you are using in your lab so all kind of glasswares syringes cotton swabs if you're using cotton swabs in your lab you can also add them add liquid paraffin remember this thing is something which is important greasy materials liquid paraffin paraffin wax right wax if you you guys have already seen candy wax you've seen how wax is it's very greasy so any greasy material liquid paraffin is sterilized using a hot air oven so obviously you'll ask me that ma'am if you're calling it a hot air oven you also must be having some heating temperatures that you have to know so remember 160 degrees for two hours is the usual protocol 160 degree temperature for two hours is the usual protocol that we have and remember for everything we'll be having a control when I say control means see whenever you're working in a lab you have to make sure that are you doing the right thing is this machine calibrated is this machine working well is the electricity Source okay are you using any expired material so any testing that you do in the lab any machine any test you do a control because control will tell you it's like a check it's like a check that yeah everything is working fine and what you are doing is the right method of doing it so for the control in all of these sterilization techniques they use bacteria they use bacterial spores because they feel that at one 160 degrees for 2 hours if this ore is killed this means all your glassware is also sterilized that is the concept so you know how does how do you use them how do you have this how do you put it inside the hot air oven this comes in the form of strips there are strips that come which have the bacillus septillus pore on it you just put the strip inside the hot air oven whenever you want to put your flask and glass tubes you put them along with that you place one tiny little strip here because at the end the color will change different different colors come you don't have to learn the color change but at the end when the color will change you will say yes this means the bacillus subtilla spores have been killed and if they have been killed this means my machine was working fine and this means my glassware is also perfect and I can easily use it now so for every technique please remember we will be having a particular check or a control and over here we have used a lot of things now please note we can use bacillus sub is also known as bacillus a trophies they are cousin Brothers they belong to the same family either we can use bacillus subtilis bacillus atrophase or clostridium Techni so either of these three things will be mentioned in the paper but please remember if a bacillus and clostridium both are mentioned then in that case please go in for the bacillus species that are there so that's the hot air oven what other thing that you have in your hospital if you ever have seen you would be knowing and if not then guys today onwards or whenever you visit your hospital please do um see that there's a huge incineration plant somewhere at the back of your hospital which is very very important it has two big huge Chambers in the hospital and this can always be used for incinerating all the hospital waste the animal waste the human body part waste so all of these kind of Hospital wastes the human body part waste at a high temperature of 1100 1200 degree Centigrade so remember incineration also uses dry heat and what do I mean by dry heat there are no fumes there is no steam pure simple heating for hot air oven it is 160 degrees for two hours for incineration it is 1200 degrees so if I ask you this question that which of the following is this done for that is incineration is done for human body syringes body fluids or gloves please remember this is an fmgp yq previous year question human body parts human body parts and Hospital waste incineration and I have already told you the temperature 1200 degree Centigrade moving on to the next question uh let's have a look at this Breezy material dusting powder paraffin wax repeating greasy material paraffin wax how would you want to sterilize them we just studied that we are going to put them in a hot air oven what fits into hot air oven gamma radiation sunlight dry heat sterilization or autoclave I think everyone knows this is a case of dry heat sterilization let's pick up the next one method of choice for sterilization of liquid paraffin method of choice for sterilization of liquid paraffin is known as I think we are clear liquid paraffin yes liquid paraffin means hot air oven and any kind of dry sterilization dry heat hot air oven sorry let's move forward pick up another question hot air oven efficiency is best checked by which bacteria so the correct answer to the question like I told you that sometimes for hot air oven controls we have three things bacillus subtilis which is there over here bacillus a trophies and clostridium tetanus so when both the options are there the best one that you'll select will be bacillus subtilis okay so having done with this question and having done with dry heat sterilization we can now move on to the moist heat sterilization what all do we have under moist heat there are three things that we've written that is the moist heat sterilization under 100 degrees the moist heat sterilization at 100 degrees or above 100 degrees so what all do we have below or what all do we have below 100 degrees or less than 100 degrees are two techniques called pasteurization as well as inspiration okay so we learn it as inspection and pasteurization are less than 100 degrees IPL and I'm sure the fever is on to everyone IPL that is inspection pasteurization are going to be below or are less than 100 degrees what do we have at 100 degrees at 100 degrees so if you're talking about IPL you have to talk about the bat that is boiling and tenderization are at 100 degrees and above 100 degrees when we are talking about above 100 degrees a for a we consider autoclave let's do a recap IPL inspection and pasteurization less than 100 degrees that that is at 100 degrees we have boiling and tindolization and above 100 degrees we have autoclave out of these let's study them one by one in detail so let's start with the first category and that is going to be the pasteurization of milk the very very famous and we know that at below 100 degree pasteurization IPL in speciation and pasteurization are less than 100 degrees so pasteurization has two methods one thing I know that the temperature in both the methods is going to be less than 100 so there are two methods we use for pasteurization of milk one is the holder method and one is The Flash method the holder method is 6330 what do we mean by that 63 degrees for 30 minutes you are going to hold it for 30 minutes repeating six three three zero whereas The Flash method flash means seconds this is 7220 means 72 degrees for 20 seconds and only seconds because this has to happen in a Flash so you increase the temperature but the timing has become seconds so 7220 and after increasing it to 72 degrees for 20 seconds you drop it down to 13 degrees that is what you do with milk so let us do a quick recap guys what are the two methods that we studied up till now we studied something called the holder method which is 6330 63 degree for 30 minutes and there's something called a flash method 7220 72 Degree for 20 seconds and drop it down to 13 degrees which of them is now considered better the flash method is now considered better because it can even kill something that the holder method cannot and that is cogziella coxiella can be killed by The Flash method so that was the first technique pasteurization if I now ask you a question based on it pasteurization or milk is done at what so you again please read all the options think of what all we had studied we had studied two methods holder and Flash holder was 6330 flash was 7220 63 degrees 30 minutes 72 degrees 20 seconds so we have 63 degrees 30 minutes the first option is only looking right 63 for 20 no 72 for 30 no 72 for 20 but minutes no flash method is 72 for 20 seconds so certainly the first one is the correct answer over here pasteurization is done let's go on to the other technique the other technique is known as inspection that is also below 100 remember how much below 100 I call it 80 20 80 20 80 20. why did I repeat it three times because we are going to you can even learn it as 80 30 for that matter because 80 degrees is what I'll maintain for 30 minutes so let's learn it as 80 30. but this is why did I repeat it three times because this goes on for three days for example everyone has heard of two culture media have we all heard of LJ and LSS the two L Medias what are the two L Medias doing out here LJ Lowenstein Jensen I'm hoping everyone knows that this is done for tuberculosis and LSS loflers serum slope is for Karimi bacterium both of them will be studying under our bacteriology crash course but these two Medias the L's and L's they are sterilized using inspection so I'll take the media I'll heat it to 80 degrees for 30 minutes on day one then 80 degrees 30 minutes Day 2 80 degrees 30 minutes day 3 and then the cycle is complete so remember 80 30 80 30 80 30 is what you have to consider over here that is what is inspection so I hope below 100 degrees done so that we can come down to at 100 degree what was the mnemonic for at 100 degree you had to remember bat that is boiling just like you boil water we boil water for approximately 15-20 minutes right so that we can kill the bacteria and the germs in it so that's a simple boiling I know boiling or water will always be at 100 degrees but there's a problem that boiling does not kill the spores so you say that I want a particular technique where I can kill the spores also and that technique is tindalization I've learned tindolization as T20 matches everything about IPL and batting and T20 happening here so T20 means tenderization is a 20 minute cycle but again for three days so 100 degree is the temperature 20 minutes because t20ization 20 so 120 day one 100 degree 20 minute day to 100 degrees 20 minutes day three so that is what you have in tindalization let's do a recap boiling is a single step for 15 minutes tindolization is three days 100 degrees 20 20 minutes done with all of that we are now coming to above 100 degree which is autoclave how much above 100 degree 121 degree 15 15. what do I mean by that let's explain so what do you have over here guys this is the classical picture that you have for an autoclave and remember autoclave is 121 degree Centigrade that you are going to heat for 50 10 minutes and you are going to keep a 15 psi what is PSI pressure so we keep a temperature of 121 degree timing of 15 minutes pressure of 15 psi that is what you use for autoclave however please remember so any kind of glassware you want to keep again you can keep flasks you can keep the test tubes all of these can be done in autoclave a lot of other things for example even if you know other than instruments in the OT you will always see that auto play will be present in every operation theater why because all the aprons that are used in an operation theater all the sutures the Stitches the sutures that are used they have to be autoclaved you will see this machine in every microbiology lab because all the culture media have to be autoclaved you will see this in every micro and Pathology Lab because sputum samples have to be autoclaved why do you think I'm autoclaving this putum samples see for example in our country you have a case of TB okay so what will they send to your lab what what sample will they send to your lab they'll send a sputum sample okay you look at a sputum sample you tell them whether the patient has TB or not after that to throw this sputum sample to discard this beauty sample you can't discard so many microorganisms in the environment before you discard or throw this putum sample before discarding you autoclave it so that all the organisms are killed so remember all instruments aprons sutures media sputum samples they need to be autoclaved what's the catch Point all sutures except cat gut cat gut is not we lose its um you know strength catgut uses the loses its strength loses its elasticity if you autoclave it at such a high temperature so you will never put Auto clay you'll never put catguard suture in autoclave and similarly LJ media and LSS media these two L Medias did I tell you you're not doing them for autoclave where what are you doing to sterilize them we just studied that for sterilization we are using in physician inspection is further to L Medias that is the LG Medias and the LSS Medias you don't use cadgut over here you don't put LG LSS in here these are two exceptions that you have to know for the autoclave and what is the picture that I had shown you for the autoclave here you go with which they ask you a question what is the control that is used in an autoclave finally the control you want to know is this temperature even attained have I attained a 121 degree Centigrade so please remember there is a bacteria known as bacillus stero thermophilus the word thermophilus tells you that this has the ability to survive at very high temperatures but at 121 it will get killed so how will I get to know that 121 has been attained when this organism is killed bacillus stero thermophilus is the control that we use the story is not over you'll say man the usual temperature that we have we've understood 121 degree for 15 minutes 15 psi but in case you are dealing and you want to kill the prion proteins for the prions I'll increase the temperature to 134 degrees and the timing just put a dot not 15 minutes it's one and a half hours so remember 134 degree Centigrade with for a hundred and for one and a half hours that is what you have to do for prion killing increase the temperature increase the timing the pressure can remain the same okay so having said all of this now if I want to do a very very quick recap of what all have I studied up till now I've studied three things I think IPL and bat are very useful mnemonics so inspication and pasteurization below 100 degrees boiling and tenderization at 100 degrees and autoclave above 100 degrees now if I want to obviously judge myself the best way is to solve a question so how are prions destroyed prions are best destroyed look at all the things written over here autoclaving at 135 hot air oven at 160 H2O2 that is hydrogen peroxide or sodium hypochlorite I think we've just studied autoclaving at approximately 134 degree Centigrade for one and a half hour is going to do the purpose solve the purpose for us so that is how we go about with the prion proteins well having said that when I got you to start with sterilization disinfection I clearly told you that there are physical and chemical methods and under the physical methods the heating method is done what are we left with let's move on to the next one we also have something called as the radiation method radiation so basically by radiation I mean I have something called ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation that is also something that we have so let's pick up the next one heating done dry heat done moist heat done let's pick up radiation ionizing versus non-ionizing what's the difference please remember ionizing radiation has something called X-rays and gamma rays repeating ionizing radiation has X-rays and gamma rays and do they increase have you ever heard that you went in for an x-ray and temperature has increased no right so they will not increase the temperature there is no increase in temperature so can I called it a cold technique can I call it cold radiation whereas for non-ionizing radiation like ultraviolet rays infrared ray rays they increase the temperature they increase the temperature and that is why I call them as the hot sterilization repeating cold sterilization is the ionizing radiation because X-rays and gamma rays don't increase the temperature non-ionizing radiation like UV rays and infrared ray rays they increase the temperature and we call it hot sterilization why and when do I use them that's the next point that you all have to know so please remember number one ionizing radiation cat gut sutures did I tell you that you were not doing cat Cuts such as an autoclave that is what we studied right that when you are dealing with autoclave you can put all the sutures in autoclate but not catguard because at this temperature catguard is really going to suffer at 121 you don't put cat gut how do you sterilize catguard using ionizing radiation the cold method you don't subject it to heat other than that you can use this ionizing radiation also for pre-packed syringes and grafts nowadays a lot of transplants and grafts are taking up so for grafts you will be using them non-ionizing radiation means the ultraviolet rays and the infrared Rays these you will be using for OT fumigation fumes in the OT basically the radiation in the OT for the OT sterilization and biosafety cabinet what is a biosafety cabinet all of you whenever you visited a microbiology lab and you must have seen that the microbiologist always sits in this small small kind of a box or a chamber because you know the micro the microbiologist is dealing with a lot of infectious samples samples which have come from all sort of patients who could have any kind of disease so many culture plates he or she is dealing with so he or she has to be kept in a sterilized environment so that you you know the infection does not spread all over so that small chamber in which that microbiologist is sitting is known as a biosafety Cabinet how do I sterilize it usually it's an ultraviolet light that I'm using for it if someone asks you that what is the control for radiation what is the control that we have for radiation remember bacillus cumulus please remember the way you write R for radiation is the same way you write P so what is the control for radiation which basil is it is bacillus cumulus if I ask you the question out here cold sterilization is done by remember I told you cold was what cold was that we were not going to increase the temperature the temperature was going to remain the same and if you remember ionizing radiation what all does ionizing radiation comprise of X-rays and gamma rays ionizing radiation X-rays and gamma rays look at the others steam steam is obviously from water the temperature will increase other than that look at infrared Rays ultraviolet rays obviously with them also the temperature increases with ionizing radiation X-rays and gamma rays the temperature does not increase moving on to the next one after this we come back to something known as filtration so easiest way all of you have seen an aqua guard or all of you have seen a water purifier you've seen how water has to be filtered any aquaguard or water purifier that you look at it will always have filters candle and filters inside it similarly nowadays so much of air pollution that has come up the air quality has gone bad so a lot that is being sold in the market are air purifiers yes which is a big Market which is now coming up what do the air purifiers what do they say in their marketing what kind of filters do they have if you ever heard or read that point carefully they say we are using HEPA filters very rarely do they say we are using Alpha filters so there are two kind of filters HEPA and Alpha they basically filter out the bacteria obviously Alpha is the best one that we have in the market but certainly the best will be the most expensive so most of the air purifiers are having HEPA filters that are being used earlier they used to use something called a seeds filter even for water filtration or any liquid they wanted to filter they used to use seeds filtration but this is not used now it was found that the seeds filter the seeds filter contains asbestos seeds filter contains Asbestos and do we all know that asbestos is carcinogenic it can cause cancers for example if I'm wanting to filter water if I'm wanting to filter water and I make that water pass through the seeds filter it will get elements of asbestos in it and when we consume that water it's a source of cancer it's carcinogenic so we don't use the seeds filter now now we use HEPA and Alpha HEPA is most common but Alpha is the best what is the pore size of these filters what is the for example if this is a filter what is the pore size that we have the pore size is 0.22 microns the pore size is 0.22 microns and what is the control we'll obviously have a control such a small pore size such a small filter the bacteria has to be very very small diminuta brevandi Monarch diminuta is what we use as the control out here so for filtration it is driven demonas dimension neuter having said that why don't we do something why don't we make a list of what all controls we've studied up till now we've not finished but whatever best we can recall up till now so try to repeat with me the first technique that we studied was Hotel uh or you can say uh dry heat so hot air oven if I'm asking you basically you're talking about dry heat sterilization so hot air oven had three things if you remember number one was bacillus subtilis apart from bacillus supplies we could have the cousin brother that is bacillus a trophies and apart from that we could also have clostridium tetnae moving on coming to the next one we had autoclave autoclave is also having something at a very high temperature so basilis stero thermophilus we had to use a high degree or a high temperature bacteria bacillus stero thermophilus coming to the next one and that is radiation we studied that R and P looks the same so for radiation it is bacillus cumulus the next that we studied was filtration and for filtration we studied something has to be very small so we said for the filtration technique I hope up till here everyone is still in sync with us and everyone is being able to identify all these things so that we can now move on forward and study the next question glutaraldehyde we've entered chemicals up till now we spoke about heat dry heat moist heat filters radiations all kind of physical methods now we've entered into a chemical that is glutaraldehyde is used for all of the following except so what is the answer out here it is used for bronchoscopes proctoscopes endoscopes it is not used for thermometer remember glutaraldehyde is for all the Scopes laryngoscope bronchoscope proctoscope uh anything endoscopic tube any kind of scope is something that I will put with gluteraldehyde so basically the first set of chemicals that I wish to teach you all are alcohols and aldehydes most important alcohol that is being used isopropyl alcohol everyone has seen this as a concentration of 70 to 80 percent what do you dip inside alcohol something that you never ever claim for a doctor the biggest source of infection that he carries back home or you carry back to your house or your your hostel is a stethoscope before leaving the lab one should always sterilize it because this is something you you know you'll wash your hands you take all your precautions you'll uh wear a different set of clothes but something that you've forgotten and you're carrying along with you to your library and to your hostel is a stethoscope which has a very high source of organisms so isopropyl alcohol for stethoscopes and thermometers what do you use aldehydes for we have two types of aldehydes formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde gluten aldehyde I just taught you what you very famously know as the solution side x side x gluteraldehyde for all the Scopes bronchoscope laryngoscope endoscope proctoscope colonoscope any kind of scope glutenaldehyde coming to formaldehydration formaldehyde two forms one thing is a liquid formulin which actually I think you know you use in pathology pathology specimens you use Liquid formula and that is why when you enter a path lab or even for that matter in anatomy the cadavers they are also kept in formula and that is why your eyes get that burning sensation whenever you enter an anatomy dissection hall or whenever you enter uh the Pathology Lab your eyes start burning also because you don't like those places but also because there's a lot of formula that is over there right okay so having said that that's the liquid version of it whereas there's a gaseous version of formulin that is known as formaldehyde gas which you use for OT fumigation so what all have we studied for Roti fumigation if you remember just two minutes ago 40 fumigation we studied non-ionizing radiation and now for Roti fumigation the chemical that we are studying is the formaldehyde gas so coming back to the question I hope this is okay gluteraldehyde is used for all except X except thermometer because for thermometers and stethoscope we prefer isopropyl alcohol 70 to 80 percent okay what are the other types that we have you know what are the other chemicals we also have phenols and halogens phenols I think everyone knows the Lysol which is the floor disinfectant or savlon or Dettol and you put all your sharp instruments in this all those ol crystals savlon de tall Lysol all of these and sharp instruments cleaning the floors all of these are phenols next one next chemical halogens halogens like iodine I think everyone knows tincture iodine and Betadine you've seen that brownish color solution so tincture iodine Betadine chloride chloride is also halogen and are famous most sodium hypochlorite one percent so this is a question that you get in the paper the most potent disinfectant this is a pyq again of the fmg and the neat PG also once asked in the games exam the most potent disinfectant out of all alcohol glutaraldehyde the halogens iodine or hypochlorite sodium hypochlorite and please remember one percent so why am I emphasizing on one percent because earlier recommendations used to say that sodium hypochlorite we have to use at 10 percent but that is done no longer we use sodium hypochlorite as one percent and especially what's the other question that you get you are an intern and by mistake you spilled the blood on the floor you are an intern you are collecting blood from a patient you're taking a blood sample by mistake your hand moves and the blood spills on the floor what chemical are you going to use one percent sodium hypochlorite okay talking about the last chemical that we have and that is going to be we are talking all in chemicals we've only been talking about things like liquids for example we are talking about formalin gluteraldehyde Lysol or Betadine or liquids alcohols or liquids but remember even gas can cause sterilization and what you have to know out here that when we are dealing with gaseous material we are talking about which gas ethylene oxide ETO it might be written in the exam as ETO remember ETO is ethylene oxide and never ever use ethylene oxide as 100 never you have to dilute it you have to mix it with other gases like nitrogen and all you use it now the latest recommendation say okay earlier they used to say use it as a 10 the latest recommendations say three percent so remember three percent ethylene oxide is something that we use why don't we use it as a hundred percent because it is inflammable it will catch fire and number two it is also said to be carcinogenic if you use it as a hundred percent it will be carcinogenic as well as it will be inflammable I don't want to take either of the risks I use it as a three percent where do I use it cardiopulmonary machines for the sterilization of cardiopulmonary machines we use ethylene oxide if someone asks you what is the control remember G for G for gas sterilization the control is bacillus Globe G so I think we made a list some time back and I finally can finish that list for all of you the list of the different controls that we did let's add on to it so if someone asks you what is the control for gas sterilization you'll say G for G and I is going to be bacillus globiji one of the control questions is always always expected it's an all-time favorite in fact this has come in your previous years also bacillus globigee is used as a control for I don't think this is going to be a problem bacillus globiji is used for the control of gas sterilization which gas am I talking about ethylene oxide let me take a test of other options also what do we use for autoclave high temperature I hope you remember we use bacillus stero thermophilus coming to the next what do we use for hot air oven for hot air oven we use bacillus subtilis or we have other things like atropheus or we have other things like clostridium tetani then one more thing is written over here which we've not studied and that is known as plasma sterilization although it's not very important for the fmg exam I'll give you an overview we are see what are the three states of matter that we always study taking you back into school time you say we always study solid liquid gas these are the three states of matter but do you know the fourth state of matter the fourth state of matter is plasma so that is what they are saying see we've understood solids we've used filters we've used liquids like alcohol gluteraldehyde Betadine so many liquids we've used we've also used gases like ethylene oxide finally we say we use the fourth state of matter that is we we convert H2O2 using H2O2 we make plasma and plasma is used for sterilization please remember for plasma also the control is bacillus stero thermophilus reminding you plasma is another state of matter you are making it out of H2O2 and this also uses a you know a similar control you can say as that for autoclave and that is bacillus stero thermophilus so I'll add it over here autoclave number one and plasma sterilization both of them are going to utilize bacillus stero thermophilus now I can say that all your important control tables are done all said and done what's the last topic that you have to know the last topic that you have to know is you are now on the other side means you have to do testing you have to do testing and you have to tell me so for example I am opening a small little setup of my clinic of my own and I want to find out that what is the best uh sterilization disinfection technique that I should have at my clinic so I call you because you guys are experts so I call you and I say I am sending a solution to you guys this solution is a solution named X you don't know whether this is an alcohol whether this is iodine whether this is hypochlorite I say I have a solution in my lab in my clinic I want you to tell me that am I using the right thing for my sterilization and disinfection or is this potent enough is this efficient enough to sterilize my clinic so you'll see that there are four tests I will put your Chemical X through four steps and what are those four tests that they ask you in the paper their names a little difficult so be patient the first one is phenol coefficient test or the radial Walker test repeating phenol coefficient test or the redial Walker test what do they do the solution x that you have sent they are going to compare this solution with phenol they say that we know that you know phenol is a very very good disinfectant so is your solution X matching with phenol if it is matching with phenol this means you can use it if it is not matching with phenol means you cannot use it so phenol coefficient test or readle Walker test is comparing Your solution x with phenol and telling you but do you see a little bit of a catch you'll say ma'am you've only compared it with phenol phenol isn't the best disinfectant that you have right but the only thing you've compared it with is phenol so maybe you've missed out on so many things have you been able to find out that whether this x will be able to kill fungus whether this will be able to kill the organisms in the soil have you been able to find out that whether this will kill organic matter or not no you just compared it with phenol and done so there is a drawback that is why you come to testing number two which I call as the modified riddle Walker test you're doing the same thing see the previous one was only redel Walker test now you're doing a modified retail Walker test which means that again the phenol component is there but you will also test it in the presence of organic matter like soil can it disinfect soil can it the yeast can it kill the fungus the spores so that is now known as the modified riddle Walker test or check Martin test check Martin test is a modern name for the reader Walker test two tests are done after this you come to the next one there are two questions that I want to ask you number one I want to ask you how many times can I use this solution X I've used it once today for cleaning my floor or I've used it once today for I've dipped some instruments into it and now if I want to use the same thing tomorrow can I do it or not so will you how will you tell me that you know can it be reused who tells me about the reuse the capacity can it be used repeatedly can it be used repeatedly that is known as the capacity test to test the capacity and the reusability we have the Kelsey Sykes test we have the Kelsey sites test and finally you'll tell me that ma'am I have done all the tests at my level now you finally start using it in your clinic and then you tell me whether you're getting good results or not so that is known as the in use test known as the Kelsey and moral test so repeating these are kind confusing one is known as Kelsey Sykes and one is known as Kelsey motor so Kelsey is common you'll have to learn what is psyches and what is moral so psyx has the k sound to it Sykes has the k sound to it so this tells you about the capacity whereas Kelsey motor has the U word in it so this tells you about the in use ability so let's make a you know I think best is that if we make a table out of it we'll be very confident so how do I do the testing of a disinfectant you will say that ma'am there are total of four tests that you are going to do the first test is labeled as the riddle Walker test riddle Walker test is comparing it with what reader Walker test is basically comparing it with phenol it is a phenol coefficient test that you do but it's a disadvantage because you're only doing it with phenol second you say let's do a modification let us do modified radial Walker test and that has been given a very modern name and that is known as the chick Martin test that is referred to as the chick Martin test then you say that I want to use I want to know the capacity of the disinfectant I want to know how many times can it be reused second and after this you want to know how many or how can I finally reuse it or can I use it in my lab or not practically the in usability so for capacity test and for in use test the name starts with the same these are Kelsey tests but for capacity k sound that is this is known as the Kelsey Sykes test and morers use U word so this is going to be the Kelsey model test finally we've got the four tests one for phenol one for modification one for capacity and one for in use ability that is what finishes off this chapter also for you it finishes off both the things that is bacterial genetics as well as sterilization and disinfection and we can conveniently wrap up this session so I hope you guys have been benefiting from the previous one also in case you've missed out on the previous lesson please go and view the general microbiology part this is part two of it and going forward the part three and four will be having mycology that is fungus so do watch out for that as well I hope you guys are are able to grasp it because microbio is not an easy subject undoubtedly but with few mnemonics like I say here and there we are always able to solve anything that's difficult okay so thank you so much guys for joining in and see you in the next next session on the same YouTube channel thanks a lot study well all the very best hi everyone welcome back to the YouTube session of the microbiology crash course I'm Dr Priti Sharma and today we'll be discussing in this session about mycology mycology meaning we'll be talking about fungus and the different types and meteorologies that are important for the exam we'll also be taking up all the images that are important for you alongside mcqs that have been asked in the previous years so let's start right away topic of the day the much famous and specially after covet I think something that has taken up a lot of importance fungus that is mycology let's start right away with a question culture morphology is best studied by and this happens to be a previous year question so culture morphology is best studied by Gram stain lactophenol cotton blue calcophla white and methanamine Silverstein so culture morphology and the answer to this question is lactophenol cotton blue so let's know what are the different stains that have been mentioned over here I've got you an entire collage of all the different stains that could come up in the exam when it is with regard to the fungus so the first one that you see over here where all the fungal hyphae have become black in color this is known as the GMS stain what does GMS stand for it stands for gomori methanamine silver stain repeating go Mori methane amine silver stain now there's a little bit of a trick that I always tell the students that whenever there's a stain that has the word silver in it like over here please see gomori methane means silver so whenever there is the word silver in a stain means you are somewhere dealing with a blackish color because silver will turn black so you can see the fungus has become black in this case Okay so this is the first one let's move on to the next one in which the fungal hyphae have become pink so over here this particular stain is referred to as the past tame so fungal hyphen are pass positive also coming to the third one you see the background is very very dark and something is becoming fluorescent so this is referred to as the calco flower white now if you guys have seen the previous sessions and the previous lectures of the microbiology crash course all of you already know that what kind of a stain is calco flower white we've done a mnemonic for it that flower will basically be for fluorescent so calco flower white is going to give us a fluorescent or it's going to be a fluorescent dye that will be there moving on to the fourth one I can see a culture plate so what is the culture medium on which the fungal samples are grown so the fungal media are sabar routes dextrose agar SDA that is sabara's dextrose agar and if I've grown it see I've seen a whitish color cottony whitish color Colony over here from this if I want to grow it take a little bit of a specimen I want to see it under the microscope so what am I trying to do I am trying to look at the culture morphology I'm trying to look at the culture and what morphology does it have on the microscope so what color stain have I used I've used a blue color stain and that is referred to as lactofenol cotton blue and that is exactly what I had asked you let's repeat the question that if you want to study culture morphology if you want to study culture morphology you will use lpcb that is lactophenol cotton blue let's move on to the next one I have two more stains in front and both of these the organism in both of them is nothing but cryptococcus I'm sure everyone has heard about cryptococcus and it's very famous for causing meningitis so cryptococcal meningitis is definitely a very important question in the exam please remember now when you're dealing with the case of cryptococcus what kind of samples do you think you're going to get number one you might be dealing with a patient with cryptococcal meningitis so they'll take out the CSF cerebral spinal fluid they'll do a lumbar puncture they'll send you the CSF sample that's one possibility second person dealing with cryptococcal meningitis might die or there might be an autopsy case so you might get a biopsy tissue you might get a brain biopsy these are the two samples possible either in a living person you could get a CSF sample or in a case of death an autopsy you could get a biopsy specimen and in both the cases the stain that I'll use for cryptococcus will be different now this stain I've shown you where the background gets a color and the organisms are unstained I think everyone knows this is the very famous India ink stain India ink basically is a kind of a negative stain it's a kind of a negative steam so if they ask you that you have a specimen of CSF and what kind of staining would you do you would do India in negative steaming similarly if you are dealing with a biopsy specimen of cryptococcus can you see this time the cryptococcus has become rose pink in color pinkish in color because the stain that you've used is mucil carbon the stain used is music carbon so finally these are the two things that I need to remember when I'm dealing with cryptococcal meningitis repeating for CSF it is India ink for biopsy it is going to be music carbon so now I think everyone is clear let's do a very quick recap unlabeled recap so the black color one becomes gomori methanamine silver stain pink color one becomes class fluorescent one becomes calcophlar white the culture media sabar routes dextrose agar culture morphology lactophenol cotton blue CSF sample for cryptococcus India Inc and we have the biopsy sample for cryptococcus we will be having music admin so all said and done let's attempt a question the capsule of cryptococcus in tissues is best seen by and they've given you a picture Gram stain India ink music carbine or methanamine silver so capsule of cryptococcus is simple when it comes to cryptococcus I know that either I can get a CSF sample or I can get a biopsy sample if I get a CSF sample I will be staining with the India ink if I get a biopsy sample I will be staining it with new C carbon here they've told me biopsy sample they've given me the picture also of new C carbon so the answer over here becomes the music Urban stain if I change the question the capsule of cryptococcus in CSF and they've given me the picture yes that is going to be the India Inc negative staining so these are stains but now that when you're talking about cryptococcus why don't you tell me that finally what is the study that helps us so this is not for answering this is for learning please remember that for cryptococcus we do lat lattice agglutination test is a very famous test that is performed for the final diagnosis of cryptococcus repeating latex agglutination test for cryptococcus well having done with all of these main main stains let's move ahead with the story and go on to this which of the following is not dimorphic first I want all of you to attempt it and then definitely we can take up the discussion of this which of the following is not dimorphic so you've got a couple of organisms over here and I hope many of you got this right the answer to this is cryptococcus neoformance is not dimorphic so first what do we understand why dimorphic or what is the meaning of the word dimorphic fungus remember the meaning of the word die means to and morphic means morphology it has two forms it basically exists in two forms and these two forms are yeast and mold so it has a yeast form which will be very tiny tiny waste form and mold form will look something like this they will look like hyphen you can also call the mold form as the Hypha form so repeating we have two forms that a fungus can have the tiny yeast and The Hyphen form that is mold remember the yeast form will be seen at a 37 degrees and the mold form will be seen at a 25 degrees and how do we learn it there's a very simple mnemonic see what is yeast rhyme with yeast rhymes with heat and what does mold rhyme with mold tends to rhyme with hold so remember which of them is at a higher temperature and which of them is at a lower temperature at a higher temperature yeast will be at heat 37 degrees and mold will be at cold that is a 25 degree Centigrade so which are the organisms which can show this kind of a feature that is they can show the yeast form also they can show the mold form also depending on changes in temperature this is the mnemonic that you have to know the examples of dimorphic fungus are the mnemonic phase body heat probably changes shape so you'll always remember that dimorphic was all to do with heat and cold so we have body heat probably changes shape what is with b b for blastomyces H for histoplasma P for two things we have penicillium magnify and Para coccidioidomycosis C for coccidioidomycosis and S for sporotrix Shanghai let's repeat body heat B for blastomyces next we have body heat right so H will tell me that I am dealing with histoplasma next p has two things penicillium magnify and paracoxidioidomycosis C has coccidioidomycosis and S has sporotrix Shanghai coming back to the question which of the when is not dimorphic so what is the mnemonic body heat probably changes shape so blastomyces is dimorphic not there in the options histoplasma is dimorphic it's there in the options para coccidioidomycosis not there in the options penicillium penicillium magnify is also known as taleromysis maldifi coccidio I do mycosis not there in the options sporotrix Shanghai there in the option so which of them is not dimorphic clearly the cryptococcus neoform is non-dimorphic I hope everyone is okay with this let's move forward done with all the dimorphic fungus and now let me show you all of those that I have just written out to you so right now I told you body okay probably probably changes shape these are all the pictures blastomizes histoplasma paracoccidio penicillium coccidiospholotrix all of them that we are going to study but obviously one by one so let's start let's start with the first one body heat probably changes shape means B for blastomycosis B for blastomycosis also known as the North American blastomycosis the Gilchrist disease and the Chicago disease one more thing guys all of them are going to have a lot of names and most of the names will be named after a continent and a part of the world so we obviously have to learn that but something that is going to go common in all of them is systemic involvement dimorphic fungi are very famous for systemic involvement means organs will be affected and one of the most common organ affected are the lungs lung involvement is most commonly seen so coming to the first one that is blastomycosis known as North American blastomycosis North America so also having the Gilchrist and the Chicago disease how do we identify it B for blastomycosis and B looks like an A so here what you see over here is a figure of eight appearance you see the classical figure of eight appearance why do we see this figure of eight appearance this for example is the organism this for example is the organism now it's budding now it's going to show buddy and when it will show budding the base of the bud is very very broad it's a broad base see I'll show you the difference if this is an organism and this kind of a bud arises you'll see mam it's arising from a tip it's a very narrow budding that is happening that is not happening here here you can see a proper a is forming the base is very very broad the base is very broad over here so I can say B for blasto mycosis B for broad based budding there is broad-based budding that is known mounted and that gives a figure of eight appearance why is it black in color now you all know the stains right why is the color black because what color stain have we used we've used gomori methanamine silver stain repeating North American blastomycosis Gilchrist or Chicago disease figure of eight appearance B and eight and Broad based budding all sound the same body heat so Heat next next one that we come to histoplasma now before I start with histoplasmosis let me tell you a trick over here just a small thing that you have to remember for the exam that everything that you will have for histoplasma everything that I'll tell you for histoplasma will be very very similar to tuberculosis means what when I'm dealing with the case of histoplasmosis what do you think is going to be the most common organ affected lung involvement is very common just like tuberculosis number two what does it cause in the lungs it causes gaciating granuloma it causes Cassius necrosis just like tuberculosis it causes precious necrosis number three can it result in a granuloma just like TB yes it can so patient will come to you with similar kind of complaints that is cuff and sputum and gagiating granuloma lung involvement so very commonly histoplasma looks like TB then I also know that histoplasma is also known as what it is again what a part of the world it is common in it's common in Ohio so it's known as the Ohio's disease or also known as the darling's disease remember Ohio's disease or darling's disease is histoplasmosis I know it's a dimorphic fungus means yeast heat mold cold right do we remember that mnemonic it has a yeast at heat means at 37 degrees and it has a mold form mold cold which means it has a mold form at 25 degrees let me see both the pictures the yeast form is very very tiny when I say very tiny I mean that it's only two to four microns you can definitely see first I'll try to enlarge whatever is shown over here uh see this is one cell what cell is this this is the macro fudge this happens to be the macrophage so I'll draw the nucleus of a macrophage over here and all of us know that macrophage is something which is very very Uh Hungry forever hungry it's going to be a foodie kind of a cell so it will always eat up the histoplasma you will see multiple dot like structures inside it so let's see this over here you see a huge cell over here this huge cell is nothing but a macrophage you see the nucleus of a macrophage over here and apart from that can you all see those dot dot dot organisms very tiny and when I say very tiny they are only two to four microns the size of a yeast is only two to four microns that that's why it looks so tiny coming to the mold form so first and foremost what stain is this you've used it from a cultural lactofenol cotton blue and you'll say that over here what we can certainly see if I can take this picture I probably would want to show it to you as an enlarged version if I enlarge this photo further you'll see that Mom you're seeing some round structures and you see some conedia or spores coming out of it this exactly same picture came in the previous year papers so we can see that there is a conedia or Spore coming out of it so I can basically say that these are known as what name have I given to them the authors call them tuberculate macro conedia the authors call it tuberculate macro conedia so yes there will be tiny ones also there will be microconidi also but these ones that you are seeing out here are the macro conedius so do we have four histoplasma did I tell you that everything will be again sounding like TV like I said the lung involvement the neck crosses the granuloma can I say it has the tuberculate macroconidia that makes it again similar Miller to TV I hope that part is clear so well having said that that's the summary of histoplasmosis so remember your mnemonic dimorphic fungus body heat probably probably stands for the number third organism called para coccidioidomycosis which is known as South American blastomycosis by now I'm sure a little bit of confusion has already started so why don't we start making a simultaneous table I think if we start doing that we'll be in a more comfortable position at the end so let's make a table of all the names and all the diseases that we have to know let's make a common table right okay so the first one will go in the order body heat so first one we are dealing with is blastomycosis what is the other name that we have for blastomycosis this is known as North American blastomycosis this was North American blastomycosis which also obviously goes by Chicago's disease and is also known as the ginkris disease moving on body heat so the second one that we had was histoplasmosis again histoplasma is very common in Ohio region so that is why they also call it the Ohio disease and it is also referred to as it is also referred to as something known as darling's disease this is a very famous previous year question regarding darling's disease coming to the third one that is para coccidioidomycosis that is where the confusion stops guys para coccidioidomycosis is known as South American blastomycosis now in the exam don't get confused which one is not American and which one is South American so obviously uh first you will say B and P these are the two confusing things so North American B comes first so you usually say North is above and South is below so in the alphabetical chain B is above and P is below so if I say this is north and uh this is South you say B comes first P comes later so blasto mycosis is not American blastomycosis paracoxidioidomeycosis is the South American blastomycosis and what does paracoxy do I do my courses have it has the very very famous two things m m means it has the Mickey Mouse appearance number one it carries the Mickey Mouse appearance you can very well see in the tissue it has these spores which are looking like the ears of a Mickey Mouse so number one M for Mickey Mouse appearance number two M for Mariner wheels so the wheel of a ship or the wheel of a pilot so you can call it a pilot wheel or a mariner wheel appearance and why is it black because we know that when I get a black color the stain that I've used is the gomori methanamine silver so repeating para coccidioidomeycosis number one shows us the Mickey Mouse appearance and number two shows us the pilot wheel or the Mariners wheel appearance so body heat probably remember with P there was one more thing and that was penicillium magnifi which I told you is also known as the taleromysis marnify so that's the other name it is also known as taleromysis marnify and the question that you get the question that you get in in this case is the natural Reservoir what is the natural reservoir of penicillium magnify or taloromyces magnifi are going to be the bamboo rats they are going to be the bamboo rats so now let's see what does this picture show us so again why is it blue in color because I know that whenever I'm dealing with culture morphology we are dealing with a stain called lactophenol cotton blue and can we see that the conedia have given an appearance of a brush we call it a broom or a brush appearance we call it a broom or a brush appearance so please remember penicillium magnify we are going to uh have a broom brush appearance so repeating it has a broom brush appearance with a bamboo rat as a reservoir a groom brush with bamboo rat so with a broom you are going to try and make the rat run away that is how you learn it so broom brush appearance with bamboo rat natural Reservoir is penicillium where have we reached body heat probably two piece done changes shape so C4 C for coccidio I do mycosis I'll give you a very good way of learning coccidioidomycosis I call it ABCD what is ABCD and coccidio I do mycosis number one let's start with the D what are the other names again back to the names this is known as desert rheumatism so desert will mean they will give you some kind of history of a cave or a desert or a valley so they also call it valley fever or the Arizona Arizona desert is a very very common history given in this case so please remember some history that will be roaming around either a desert or a valley these kind of History so it is known as desert rheumatism when I say rheumatism I classically understand that there is a significant involvement of joints that will occur when I say there is valley fever I understand that the patient is also going to have evidence of fever over here so joint involvement fever desert and Valley history so D for all of that c is going to tell me coccidioidomycosis and what is b and a going to tell you Barrel shaped arthros Force when you look at it under the culture again blue color lactophenol cotton blue can you see these kind of boxes these kind of boxes are known as Barrel shaped arthrospores it's a very famous question so repeating for all of you once again what is ABCD d means it is Desert rheumatism or valley fever C for coccidioidomycosis and beef and a for Baron shaped arthros Force so body heat probably changes shape and coming to the last one that is sporotrichosis we learned this and after this we go in for questions so what is poro trichosis why do I call it sporoticosis because what is the name of the organism that we have the name of the organism is sporotrix Shanghai and this is also known as The Rose Gardener's disease now I'm going to tell you the story about a rose Gardener everything in sporo trichosis will be revolving around the word Rose and we'll also have the history of a gardener so whenever we still want to give you a history of sporotrichosis they'll always say there's a gardener he's working in the rose gardens and he's had a thorn prick The Thorn from the rose has basically pricked his finger or his feet so there is a thorn prick history that is always given characteristically while roaming around in the garden okay so when it will hit him on his finger or on his toes or on his feet or hand basically I'm talking about cutaneous involvement the cutaneous lesions will develop I'll show you a picture have a look at this can you see the cutaneous lesion here then here then here then here there are multiple cutaneous lesions that are going to be there in sporo tricosis or Rose Gardener's disease but why is it finger Thorn prick might have happened at one point right maybe the thorn trick happened at this point but then why are so many lesions seen because it travels along the lymphatic channels please remember the organism is going to show us a traveling kind of a history along the lymphatic channels that is why I say that it is a kind of a lymphocutaneous disorder coming further now let's look at the microscopy part of it microscopically it shows you cigar body and asteroid body what are these have a look at this photo guys in front of you I think without a doubt you can identify that this looks like a star so first I want to highlight this photo and tell you what exactly is seen in the center you see a round structure in the center over here you see a round structure this round structure is referred to as a cigar body it's nothing but the round yeast it's the yeast form of the fungus so remember this is the cigar body and around the cigar body you can see these kind of study projections that is why this entire thing is together known as an asteroid body together it is known as an asteroid body but what is in the center of the asteroid body in the center of the asteroid body we have a cigar shaped body so in repeating in the center of the asteroid body we have a cigar shaped body and now the entire thing like this is referred to as asteroid okay now having said that you would next want to see this picture what is this picture the blue color stain lacto phenol cotton blue and what disease is it Rose Gardener's disease so does this look like exactly a rose a flower a rose it does right so please remember in Rose Gardener's disease we will see rosettes of the cornedia we see the presence of rosettes of con India so coming back guys microscopically cigar body we've seen it is surrounded by these pink projections so we call it an asteroid body on culture morphology we see the rosettes of cornedia photos you've already seen they look like rose so rosettes of conedia that is why I told you in the beginning that everything out here will be to do with the rose rose Gardener's disease finger prick so cutaneous and lymphoid involvement there is cigar asteroid bodies and there are rosettes of cornedia well if we've done all of these body heat probably changes shape and I have to finish this table the last one there was one more thing that you had to know the other name for coccidioidome that they give to you in the exam a b c d remember a b c d means this was also known as the desert idiomatism which is also referred to as valley fever so repeating out of all these are the ones for which you have to know the separate names I hope we've revised it now it's time to solve a few questions so let's start let's read together we have an 18 year old school going student Who develops fever cough chest pain and lymph node biopsy shows you granulomatous inflammation so up till now in our country in our country if I have fever in a patient Cough in a patient chest pain and lymph node showing me granuloma honestly the first thing that will come to my mind is tuberculosis then I see macrophages show oval structures measuring 2 to 4 microns and all the options given to me do not have tuberculosis now tell me macrophages eating a 2 to 4 Micron structure does it remind you of this does it remind you of this macrophage which is eating these dot dot structures that is histoplasma and anyway I had taught you everything about histoplasma will be similar to TB so yes the answer to this question is histo plasmosis coming to the next question that you have question number two a gardener who pricked her finger while working in the Rose Garden has developed a local costume I think by now you know the disease there's a gardener and there's Rose history given there's developed a local pustule which has formed an ulcer after cutaneous nodules there is also involvement of local lymphatic drainage everything is fitting in well firstly we have something called a Rose Garden that has been mentioned number two the kind of involvement that has been mentioned is along the lymphatic channels and skin that is lymphocutaneous so certainly what I'm talking about let's move on to the next one cigar body is seen and right now we studied two bodies cigar body and asteroid body so both of them so I'll repeat again the round cigar body and then you had the asteroid body both of them were seen in sporodrix Shanghai next question let's read again 20 year old college student who's gone for some archaeological team as a part of the team is traveling to Arizona I think I've got my answer here but I'll still want to read it okay so uh what do what does this team do the archaeologists they basically help in finding out the ex they excavate they find out the different and the historical aspects in a particular cave so they've gone to Arizona they are Excavating some ruins out of it and one month after returning she has developed a flu-like illness with cough muscle pain and fever x-ray also shows you lung involvement and the spores are mentioned in the picture what kind of sports are these I think we know that I'm dealing with the ABCD organism D for Desert which has been mentioned C for coccidio I do mycosis B for Barrel shaped arthro Sports which I can see and what is the other name for coccidia or desert fever it's the valley fever right the valley fever is what is mentioned over foreign let's move forward move on to the next question okay let's read a girl who pricked her finger again this is something very similar to what I've just taught you pricked her finger rose bushes local pustule progresses to an ulcer several nodules develop along the local lymphatic drainage what have they done it's the same history they've only changed the options to confuse you otherwise it's the same history it's the same Rose Gardener's disease it's the same skin and lymphatic drainage involvement so nothing should be a worry over here they're just changing the options in every exam otherwise the history is remaining the same okay coming to the last question of this particular set of organisms which of the following pathogen isolated from the sputum specimen will show the mold growth with tuberculate macroconidia and micro conedia in a culture media what have they written over here it's a sputum sample all of them are dimorphic fungi all the dimorphic fungi can show involvement of lungs so this much is fine after that they said tuberculate macro cornedia this photo we had just studied which is the earth organism which is everything similar to TV everything similar to TB is going to be histoplasma capsule item so whenever you see these TD kind of similarities coming your way definitely going for histoplasma okay now one more question so right now if you remember I was talking about the last organism that I spoke about where there are multiple kind of uh you know these lesions which are after a rose prick or a thorn prick a Gardener's disease you tend to confuse that very commonly with this question I want you to read this question very carefully there's a naturally stain of a nodular lesion on the arm of a forest worker and that is shown in the picture so you know what happens you see that okay there is skin involvement and yes there is a kind of a forest or a gardener only given and many students end up marking sporotrichosis but that's not the right answer please remember the picture also makes equal importance what is this photo showing you it's showing you some brown brown color bodies let us zoom into those bodies because the answer to this question is chromoblastomycosis guys first and foremost chromoblastomycosis is also referred to as verucus dermatitis it causes veruca's dermatitis why dermatitis will tell me that there is skin involvement verucus whenever I use the word Veruca Veruca always means something like a what something like a what so can we all see that cauliflower kind of watery lesion over there on the foot that is what you see because these are Forest workers when they are Forest workers for obvious reasons they are walking barefoot so by mentioning the history of a forest worker they are trying to tell you that the person is walking barefooted so that is when this organism tends to enter and that is why it results in this verucus kind of a growth and why do you call it Chromo because it has a color Chromo word will always mean color right and can we all see what color has it got it's got a copper kind of a pigment right so we call these Copper Penny bodies they look like copper coins once upon a time when there used to be copper coins Copper Penny bodies they have been given many other names they are known as mureiform bodies they are also known as meddler bodies and they are also known as sclerotic bodies unfortunately we'll have to learn all these names because all of them come in the paper repeating we have copper penny is the easiest because they look exactly like copper coins meddler and new reform and sclerotic bodies now coming back you had nodular lesion you had a forest worker and you had these brown color bodies so I think now everything is making sense we are dealing with the case of chromoblastomycosis so please remember just by looking at a forest worker please don't confuse whether you are dealing with the case of uh you know whether you're dealing with the case of sporotrix or you're dealing with the case of Chromo look at the photos the photos will tell you a lot about it okay having said this let's move on to the next question that happens to be this there is a colony of Asperger's which is shown in the image below this is the photo that is shown and you have to identify that which of the following aspergill is is put out out here so uh first let me probably teach you then we'll come back to this question so these are the different types of aspergillus that you have to know for the exam firstly we have aspergillus fumigators aspergillus flowers and aspergillus Niger if I ask you out of these three which is sounding like a black color fumigators flowers and Niger I think everyone knows Niger word refers to Black so which of them will show you black colonies obviously aspergillus Niger will show you black colonies undoubtedly now your left foot fumigators and flowers fumigators sounds like fumes that's my mnemonic it sounds like fumes and smoke so which of them is going to give you a smoky green color a smoky green color so smoke and fumes fumigators will give you the Smoky green color and flowers sounds like a flower flowers sounds like a flower and flowers are nice and bright colors like yellow and green flowers are yellow and green color so let's repeat a mnemonic Niger will always be black in color flowers and flowers will always be nice yellow bright yellow green colors and fumigators are fumes and smoke so that's going to give us a smoky green color coming back I asked you this so first analyze what photo has been given it's not bright yellow green so it's not flowers it's not a case of a black color it's not totally black so it's not Niger it's a classical one that comprises of smoky green color it's a smoky green color and I know Smoky green means fumes so this is a case of aspergillus fumigators repeating Smoky green yellow green black you say ma'am I want to look at these under the microscope so you've done the culture on what have you done the culture we always do the culture on SDA so we've done a culture on these about dextrose agar and now you want to look at them under the microscope can I say I am doing culture morphology and if I'm doing culture morphology there is a very famous stain that blue color stain that we use lacto phenol cotton blue so how do I get to know that this is a case of aspergillus fumigators first and foremost you have to see there will be a recycle a round structure over here and over here okay so this is aspergillus fumigators and there is going to be aspergillus flowers and there's going to be aspergillus Niger I think I can easily pick out Niger over here also because even on this day Niger will always keep its black color the black color is not going anywhere ligers always and always going to keep that so Niger keeps the black color and I think I can easily identify my main confusion always happens between fumigators and flowers so when I say fumes now you have to look very carefully you see these dot dot dot kind of cornedia that are arising but do you see they are not arising from this side and this side no they are only arising from the top part of the way cycle they are only arising from the top part see over here also only from the top part not from the sides not from the sides again only from the top because guys fumes fumes and smoke will always be top fumes and smoke will always go top so please remember if the cornedia only arise from the upper part of the West cycle if the cornedia only arise from the upper part of the recycle that is indicative of fumes and fumigators whereas flowers is for flower that is what we were learning right flowers is for flowers so flower will have petals all around flower will have petals all around can you all appreciate you'll say ma'am the origin of those conedia are from this end right up till this end every side and every circumference or part of the circumference of that recycle is giving rise to the cornedia just like a flower so maybe I'll ask you a question and then you'll be able to analyze if I say lactofenol cotton blue testing has shown which of the following and you have all the aspergillus species mentioned can you see that only the top portion is giving rise to the Canadian only the top portion from here and here nothing is coming out only the top portion is giving rise like fumes so if I'm talking about fumes we are talking about aspergillus fumigators let's do a recap when we talk about the cultures remember fumigators fumes Smoky green flowers flower yellow green Niger will be black when I talk about lactophenol cotton blue Niger is still black flowers gives you full coverage like a flower and fumigators like fumes is only going to be along the upper part let's move on to the next question in a patient corneal scrapings so you have corneal scrapings which reveal narrow angled septate hyphae which of the following is the likely etiological agent repeating which of the following is the likely etiological agent so let's do a recap firstly eye involvement has been mentioned and the main takeaway point is this narrow angle septu type phase so let me show you two pictures this is also a fungus and this is also a fungus and why are they looking so pink taking you back to the very first slide under what stain does the fungus look very very pink fungus looks extremely pink Under the past tense so coming back this is also a past tame that I have put over here and this is also a past stain that we've put but the first one I'm calling it as mucured mycosis and the second one that I am calling it as is aspergillosis and how did I so confidently put it out like this please remember number the way you write aspergillusly take up say the first four alphabets out of it so when you write aspergillus remember a will tell you that it is going to have acute angled branching it is going to have an acute angle branching so when I look at the branches over here when I look at the branches over here you will say yes ma'am this is one hyphae and this is another one and look at the angle between them it's acute angle this is one this is another angle between them acute angle so whenever I am seeing a branching I'm only seeing an acute angle coming out of it so a for acute angle and rearrange spe it sounds like septate these are all septate hyphae can you all see carefully there are lines in these hyphae there are lines that are present there are SEPTA that are present so we have septate hyphae that is along with acute angle branching aspergillus whereas what is mucus mucor is the complete opposite if aspergillus was acute is going to be perpendicular branching right perpendicular if aspergill is accepted mucur is going to be aseptide so let me prove it can you see there's no line in between it's completely smooth completely small are using any SEPTA not at all there are no SEPTA that I see completely smooth so Asept it and look at the branches coming out branches are coming out at 90 degrees branches are coming out at right angles so mucer and aspergillus are complete opposites remember a for acute angle branching and spe for accepted but if I just show you this picture and this picture and I say which of them is broader look at this aspergillus is very very thin and mucur is very very broad so we say mucus motor that is how we learn it mucous motor and R for ribbon like milker is a motor ribbon that is how we've learned it okay ribbon it is a ribbon like structure that you have so now coming back to the question they said narrow angle when I see narrow angled obviously we are talking about acute angle and when they say SEPTA hyphae septate will tell you that we are dealing with a for acute angle and spe for septate so means we are dealing with aspergillus and that was the final answer over here I hope everyone's got the differences between aspergillus and mucil because undoubtedly it's very very important coming to the next question the morphological feature of pneumocystos Carini infection very very important some people refer to it as pneumocystis carinide and some people refer to it as pneumocysters gero wish I so please remember they've asked you what is the morphological feature of pneumocystis Carini infection these are the four options that have been given to you and I hope you guys will be able to attempt the answer to this is option number B that is exudate intra-alveolar means lung involvement exudate is present with lots and lots of plasma cells how do we learn learn it remember the points about pneumocysters carinide that you have to know firstly please remember we call it p c p what is there are two meanings of PCP which you have to know number one meaning is pneumocystis carinide pneumonia means what infection does it causes cause it causes pneumonia lung involvement so PCP means pneumocystis pneumonia I also call it PCP because it is a plasma cell pneumonia if someone asks you what are the main cells that you have in pneumocystis Carina you will say the main cells are plasma cells that is why guys the answer to this question was plasma cell infiltrate repeating pneumocystis Carina and pneumonia also known as plasma cell pneumonia will show you lung involvement with lots and lots of plasma cells under what situation please remember under an immunocompromised situation usually they give you something like an HIV positive person or a transplantation person someone whose immunity is compromised immunocompromised number three the only stain it is only and only stained with what all stains cannot stay pneumocystis carinide it is only stained with this a blackish color stain I think we know the blackish color stain is gomori methane cell the stain it is only stained with GMS and what kind of an appearance does it give you so you will say in some places it's looking round right so I call it a ping pong ball appearance because it's looking round like a ping pong ball I call it a ping pong ball appearance but in some places you'll say it looks as if the ball has been crushed someone has crushed the ball so this is also referred to as the crushed ping pong ball appearance the first name given to it is crushed ping pong ball appearance then some authors say okay it's looking like a hat it's looking probably like a hat so some people say that it has a hat appearance then there's one more imagination to it they'll say some of them are like a hat and some of them are like a ball so this is also what cup and saucer appearance that's another name that is given to it it is known as the cup and saucer appearance so out of these honestly telling you the most likelihood of getting in the exam is crushed ping pong ball appearance what are the key points pneumocystis carynine pneumonia also known as plasma cell pneumonia happens in immunocompromised patients the only stain which can give it a color is gomori methanamine silver and the only appearance that is most likely to come in the exam is the crushed ping-pong ball appearance I hope this question is clear to everyone let's move on to the next question which of the following is used for the cultivation of rhinosporidium hello F2 SDA or none which of the following is used for the cultivation so first and foremost look at the organism what is this organism over here answer is d none but let's study about it first this organism is rhino rhino means there's some kind of a nose involvement these patients come to you with nasal polyps these patients come to you with nasal polyps so rhinos for idiom what is the full name of the organism it is rhinosporidium sea Berry rhinos foridium sea Berry and Rhino will tell me that it comes to us with nasal polyps so earlier actually honestly telling you that if we look at the History part of it earlier it was said to be a fungus it was said to belong to the mycology section that is why even today we are reading it here but now they say this has been categorized as an aquatic parasite it has been categorized as an aquatic protozoan and Aquatic parasite and that is the recent update about rhinosporidium sea Berry now remember the clinical features I've told you patient will come to us with multiple nasal polyps and what will you see under the microscope so please remember for rhinosporidium under the microscope you will see these big big round structures and these big round structures are referred to as sporangia these are referred to as sporangia inside this sporangia you have dot dot dot which basically means you are dealing with endospores so please remember are present those big structures with dot dot dot spores inside it that is what you have for rhinosporidium and if they ask you how do you grow it how do you cultivate or how do you grow it please remember you cannot grow it this is one of those Organisms that cannot be cultivated one very important point that will come to you in the exam please remember they will ask you that rhinosphoridium sea Berry cannot be cultivated so let's write it down because definitely I expect this cannot be cultivated so all the organ all the uh things that are written over here what is SDA SD as a culture medium you can't cultivate it have to and hella for those who've read virology you know hepto and hella are cell lines so they are basically used for the growth of viruses who can't grow rhinosphoridium on these also you possibly cannot grow it because they say that there is no Aid or no mode of cultivation for this things so rhinosporidium sea Berry done let's move on to the next question okay so here we are and let's first attempt there's a waitress as per it from a case of metastatic end of thermitis which on culture shows gram positive round to oval cells 12 to 4 microns in size the aspirate on gram staining shows the presence of pseudo hyphae which of the following is the most likely etiological agent you've got an eye involvement end of thermitis and you've got something to do with the a gram-positive organism pseudohyphae out of all of these please remember pseudo hyphae is a very very common thing that you see with candidates so when I'm talking about candida and in most of the cases we are talking about candida albicans candida shows you two forms number one it shows you the budding form and number two it shows you the pseudo hyphae form and I'll draw it and I'll tell you what do I mean by that when I say budding for example if this is candida you'll see there's a bud coming out of it buddy then if this is candida one bud coming out from it from here another bud is coming so these tiny tiny things are known as budding forms what are pseudohyphen this is candida the bud instead of being like this instead becomes elongated like this from this another bud arises but instead of being round that other bud is also going to be like this then the next bud is also going to be like this so basically when the budding form looks elongated like this I call it a pseudo Hypha it's not a true hyphen it's just a budding form which has become very very elongated so remember candida shows you budding form as well as pseudo hyphae and when the word pseudo High phase written with such a gram positive history given to us we are dealing with candidi dial beacons one more question that we have is that Reynolds broad phenomenon is seen with this is a multiple choice question multiple answers are correct candida albicans candida dubliniences cardinala or histoplasma remember both the candidas show you Reynolds broad phenomena so what is Reynolds broad phenomena let's study that what do we understand by Reynolds broad phenomena it is known as The Germ tube test gtt Reynolds broad phenomena is known as The Germ tube test what do you do in it you take the candida colony which you got from the patient and you put it in serum serum that you've obtained may be from human blood so serum one ml candida colony and you keep these two things for two hours after two hours repeating all that you take is serum and you take candida Colony when you will incubate them you will see that from if this was the candida you will see a germ tube will originate from it similarly if this is a Candida you will see a germ tube coming out of it remember this is the germ tube test which will only come positive for candida albicans and candida dublinances repeating you will see a tube coming out of it so repeating for you guys Reynolds broad phenomena seen in two candidas not the others only in these two candidates you see it candida albicans and candida dublinances well having done this let's move on to the next question and here you have the next one so identify identify the dermatophyte based on the macro Canadia shown in the image below identify the dermatophyte based on the macroconidia shown in the image below for those who've read it earlier the answer is epidermophyten and for those who've not please read with me once again so what am I talking about over here what family have I entered into I've entered into dermatophytes I mean that these are organisms with Derma involvement what do I mean by Derma involvement Derma involvement means Hair Skin and nails so if I first ask you this question systemic look at this this will indirectly answer your query systemic infection is caused by all the fungi except except what so systemic means lung involvement liver involvement brain involvement skin also could be a part of the system so multi-system involvement so you'll say that cryptococcus yes it involves the brain all these histoplasma para coccidio all these are dimorphic fungus I have right now told you in the beginning of the session that dimorphic fungus will certainly certainly involve multiple organs so what is the one that does not involve the multiple organs answer to that question dermatophytes because right now I said dermatophytes the name tells you that it has Derma in it so when I say dermatophytes I am involving three things primarily skin for obvious reasons number two there is hair and number three there is involvement of name dermatophyte will have skin hair and nail involvement okay so let us see the types of dermatophytes you can see I've written dermatophytes and I've written these random alphabets over here what are the names of the dermatophytes please get the names right there are three dermatophytes that you have to know tme do you guys know what is the full form of tme where do we use tme tme is our telegram URL whenever you're searching for someone's telegram Channel you type tme so tme means telegram what is tme T for trichophyton the first dermatophytus trichophyton M for microsporum E for epidermophyton E for epidermal phyton so repeating t for trichophyton M for microsporum E for epidermophyten and now I have to tell you do all of them involve the skin hair and nails please listen very carefully we'll write it down once again when I'm dealing with the case of tne means I have trichophyton you'll see mam this has the word try in it this has the word try in it this means this will involve the skin the hair and the nails all three things will be affected what is the next one microsporum next one is microsporal and the third one is e for epidermophyton so you will say that all of them are coming under dermatophyte so one thing is there that skin involvement has to happen involved skin involvement is going to happen in all but microsporum has skin and hair involvement and epidermophyten epidermophyton N has skin and nail involvement in it how do we learn it trichophyton has tried all three are affected skin hair nails micro so now think logically micro what is thinner or what is smaller hair is thinner or nail thinner obviously everyone will agree hair thinner hair is thinner so hair will be microsporum and epidermophyton ends with an N so this is where nail involvement will occur so skin is seen in all try is for try all three micro thinner hair and epidermophyton is n for nail so I hope this question question is clear for all of you and if I ask you a similar question associated with it which of the following infects Hair Skin and Nails everything is affected I think you will be able to answer try code fighting Hair Skin and Nails let's do repeat trichosporum it's trichophyton which has skin hair and nails microsporum and epidermophyton both have skin but epidermophyton ends with an N so that is skin and nails and micro thinner is hair so that is skin and hair coming back how do I differentiate them I differentiate them on the basis of macroconidia as well as microconium what are these macro and micro conedia can you see these big big structures over here these big big structures are macro Cornelia and these tiny little dots that you're seeing obviously they are micro so macro will be bigger micro will be smaller microconidia are arranged in a descending order this means maximum microconidia are seen in trichophyton next seen in microsporum and least number are seen in epidermophite and I'll prove that to you have a look at this photo can you see these tiny tiny dots they are maximally seen in trichophyton you'll see I just can't see any tiny dots so they are in a descending order decreasing order maximum minimum least where is the macro Canadia there's a mnemonic for that that is PSC that is why I told you tme stands for telegram and I would tell you the telegram that I hold an eye conduct the telegram Channel which is by my name so there were a couple of whom you were also asking me about the telegram channel in the previous session as to where are all these PDFs going ahead PDFs are being uploaded on the telegram Channel and the name of the telegram group and telegram channel is pathology by Dr Preeti Sharma so that's the name of the telegram Channel pathology by Dr Priti Sharma and I think with that doubt I've also made a mnemonic and the mnemonic is tme Priti Sharma Channel which means PSC tme PSC what do I mean t m e p s c means the macroconia will be pencil shaped spindle shape Club shape pencil shape spindle shape Club shaped c t m e can you see T pencil shape macro conedia pencil shape next one spindle shape I can see macro conedia spindle shaped last one Club shaped yes I can see macro conedia Club shaped why don't we look at all these things directly why don't we look at T M and E directly under these these blue color stains what are these blue color stains lactofenol cotton blue so first if I say what is the range of microconidia micro the smaller ones you will say tme this has the the maximum micro Comedia this has few micro cornedia this hardly has any microcone you can see in the first one in trichophyton there are maximum number of microphone media in microscorum they are lesser in number few of them are there in epidermophyton I don't see any small small structures now let's talk about the macroconidia for macroconidia there's a mnemonic P so tme and it was p s c p for pencil shape so trichophyton shows you these pencil shaped macro Bonita microsporum shows you spindle shaped micro Canadia that you have and epidermophyton will show you the club shaped micro cornedia so if I take you back to the first question which we had attempted and I asked you that what is this so first always analyze two things micro and macro you do you see any microponidia the tiny tiny dots no they are told really not there so out of tme microconidium or maximum in this few in this and none in epiderm of item so right now I feel it is epidermophite and let me talk about the macro Canadia for tme the macro Canadia was PSC pencil shaped no spindle shaped no Club shaped yes this is definitely looking like a club so the answer to this question becomes epidermal phyton these are very important dermatophytes that you have to have to know coming to the next question now I think all of you will be able to attempt all are true regarding dermatophytes except all are true regarding dermatophytes except let's go one by one they are differentiated based on macro Canadia are they yes I think tme shows you pencil shaped spindle shaped Club shaped macro cornedia so that is a true statement epidermophyton infects skin and Nails you say epidermophyton ends with n Nails yes that is correct spindle shape yes it's definitely spindle it looks like few fusiform is nothing but spindle only microsporum has a fusy for macro Canadia epidermophyton has abundant microconeedia is that the case micro Cornelia was maximum and trichophyton then it was little bit in microsporum and negligible in epidermophiton does it have abundant microconidia that's the false statement it has least or absent microconium so I hope now with these mnemonics you'll easily be able to solve all of these let's come to the next tinea versicolor is caused by which of the following tinea versicolor is caused by which of the following it's a very famous image based question and the answer to this question is malassezia for first let me show you a picture tinea versicolor is a skin disorder repeating when we are talking about tinea versicolor the first thing that they will ask you is the organism and the organism is referred to as malesthesia for four and malassezia fulfur is a Derma problem means can you see on the trunk of the patient this is the trunk the back the shoulder the neck and you can see there are hypo pigmented lesions the trunk of the patient will show you hypopigmented lesions when you look at it under the microscope now what kind of microscopy is this very important listen to me very carefully do you see any color to it any pink or black or blue no color to it it's colorless because this is referred to as a Koh Mount this is referred to as a Koh Mount we use a 10 Koh Mount so my first question to you guys is when do I know that I have to put the sample in a 10 Koh Mount when do I analyze that I analyze 10 Koh Mount when I'm using samples with keratin k for keratin k for Koh when keratin is present in my sample where is keratin present you'll say skin has keratin hair has keratin nail has a lot of keratin specially nail has why is the nails so thick why is it so tough it has a lot of keratin so skin hair and nails basically all Derma samples all Dermatology samples they have to be kept in a Koh count because the Keratin will be digested the Keratin will be digested which means that all of these will soften all of these will soften because the Keratin will be digested by Koh so I have get I get a Derma sample I look at it under Koh can you see there's a ball like dot dot dot structure yes and then there are some lengthy lengthy lines also what is this known as some dot dot dot like of structures some lengthy lines this is known as the spaghetti and meatball appearance this is referred to as the spaghetti and meatball appearance all those dot dot dot are the yeast these are all the yeast they give that meatball appearance and all these hyphae the long long structures I say they look like spaghetti pasta so spaghetti and meatball appearance is machine in malassezia ferfur ortinia versus color I look at it under the culture I know for the fungus I will always use sabour out dextrose agar SDA but over here I have understood firstly what is disappearance this is referred to as the fried egg appearance it looks like fried eggs it looks like a sunny side up it looks like a fried egg appearance a fried egg appearance but if I want to fry the eggs I will always need oil if I want to fry eggs I'll always need oil to fry anything and oil in nowadays we say we should always go for healthy oils and that is olive oil so this is not a regular SDA I have added something on top of it this is SDA with olive oil because I found out that malice easier for fur is fat loving it is oil loving it will grow in oil so the eggs will get fried in oil that if they're fat loving lipophilic we say that malassezia ferfur is lipophilic it is fat loving oil loving so what have I done I've put olive oil on top of it so I've easily learned it that fried egg appearance to fry the eggs you need an oil so SDA with olive oil will give you the fried egg appearance coming back the question was tinia versus color is caused by what it is malice easier for fur Okay so having said that coming to the very last question and the much hyped question following covet with fungus is right in front of us beta13d glucan testing is done for so the last question that we have for the fungal etiology beta13d glucan testing is done for candida fusarium aspergillus pneumocystis all of the above before I make you attempt this question um there are two things which became very famous in kovit there were two markers that became very famous remember uh during the second wave of covert there was a big boom about black fungus yellow fungus white fungus all those random colors and names that were given that is when people got familiar that okay these are the tests that are done when I want to test for fungus one test is known as beta D glucan and one test is known as galacto manin what do you do it for so please remember beta D glucan is nothing but a normal cell wall component of the fungus a normal fungus has it in its cell wall galacto manin is particularly in the aspergillus so please remember one thing galacto manin will primarily be used for aspergillus so I've called it aspergillus galactomagnetic beta D glucan can be used for a lot of things for candida aspergillus histoplasma fusarium dermatophytes pneumocystis jerovision it can be used for a lot of things so what's easier you learn what will you not use beta D glucon for I will not use it or it will be negative for BMC that is how I've learned it beta D glucan testing is negative for B for blastomyces number one blastomyosis M for mucus and dmcc for cryptococcus so please remember BMC these are the three things for which beta D glucan will come out to be negative other than this all the fungal organisms written it will come out to be positive galactomanin can also be positive in a lot of other things but I prefer using it only and only for aspergillus so let's repeat beta D glucan is for all except BMC what is BMC blastomyces mucer and cryptococcus I prefer to keep it only and only for asperger's coming back beta 1 3D glucone testing is done for you will say mam it is done for all I just had three exceptions I just need to make sure that those exceptions are not there what were the three exceptions BMC blastomyces it's not over there mucur is not over here cryptococcus is not over here this means it can be done for all of these answer to this question all of the above repeating one last time and then we end the session beta D glucan for all except blastomyces nuclear and crypto galactom and testing is done for primarily aspergillus which finally gives us a rapid review and a finish to the fungal etiologies or the mycology chapter and I hope you guys are enjoying microbiology which usually people do not but I hope it started to make a little bit of sense for those who've not attended the previous lectures remember the part one and part two of these series had General microbiology today we've ended up revising the fungal etiologies and next we'll be going forward with bacteriology parasitology and so on so yes hoping to see you in the next classes as well thank you so much guys for joining in and any other feedback most welcome anything you want that should be included or not in the future sessions please do write it out to me in the comments below and I'll try to incorporate it as much as I can thank you so much study well all the very best hi everyone welcome back to the YouTube session and I'm Dr Priti Sharma and I'll be taking the microbiology crash course for the upcoming exams that is neat as well as fmg now well if you're new here then we've already conducted three sessions prior we've had two sessions on General microbiology one extensive session on mycology that is fungus and today we'll be starting off with bacteriology all the important bacteria the important topics points mcqs and images that you need to know for particular bacteria and especially important for the upcoming exams so yes let's begin with bacteriology and before I begin I just want to tell everyone that all these crash courses that I'm conducting or the classes that I'm taking on the YouTube channel the PDF of these is also available you can download them from the telegram group either you are part of the telegram group or Channel or both you can definitely download it from either and the name of the channel is put up in the description below you can follow that it's pathology by Dr Priti Sharma you can click on the link you can follow it and you can download all the PDFs that are being taught out here well let's begin with the session so these are the set of bacteria that we have to start with we are going to talk about kokai and we are going to talk about bacilli so first I'll talk about a general rule now the general rule says that all the kokai are going to be gram positive all the kokai they tend to be gram positive whereas all the bacilli they tend to be gram negative so first I'm starting I'm not going into these mnemonics right now first I'm starting with all of these uh you know the very first category and that is referred to as the cocai so when I say cook I remember the kokai are gram positive except niceria moraxella and velonella except for these three we have all the others are gram positive repeating all are gram positive except niceria moraxella Velo Nella these are the only kokai these are the only kokai which are going to be gram negative so first let me begin uh before I go on to the basil I am only going to stick to the kokai as of now and I'll make you attempt a question first and then we'll start with the discussion the synergiohymenotrophic toxin of staph aureus happens to be PV Alpha himolism Beta himolizin gamma himolizin whatever options you feel you have to mark from here so some of you know about this some of you don't so what I'll do I'll teach you first and I'll get back to this question we basically have to talk about all the different types of toxins that are there in staphylococcus aureus so first let's see we have lot of virulence factors why does staphylococcus aureus cause all of its features that we are talking about number one it has something called protein a where is protein a present that's a question protein a is present in the cell wall of staphylococcus aureus repeating protein a is present in the cell wall of staphylococcus aureus what does protein a do everything with a it is going to have an anti-fagocytic property means when staphylococcus will enter our body we will try to eat it up we will try to phagocytosit protein a will protect it it will make it anti-fagocytic similarly it is another anti thing anti-complementary it is also anti-complementary and it also helps in a test known as the co-agglutination test please remember protein a has three uses antifagocytic anti-complementary and it is used in the co-agglutination test so that is the use of protein a which is present in the cell wall of the bacteria other than that there are toxins what toxins are there which break the blood hemolysins Alpha Beta Gamma Delta repeating hemolysins will break the blood Alpha Beta gamma and Delta hemolysins are present there's something known as the PV toxin if you want to know the full form PV stands for Pantene Valentine toxin even if you learn it as Pantene Valentine you learn it as PV it's good enough please remember the way you write PV and out of this Alpha Beta gamma remember the way you write gamma gamma looks very much like a V right so remember the PV Toxin and the gamma hemolizin are together working they are said to be a unit Synergy they are said to be a unit so they are together known as the Synergy High monotropic toxin of staph aureus repeating what all we said the Pantene Valentin Toxin and the way you write V is the way you write gamma so the Pantene Valentine Toxin and the gamma hemolysis means the correct answer over here was option number D that these two together are known as the synergymanotrophic toxin thank you let's move forward there's something known as the exfoliative toxin or epidermolytic toxin what does this word tell me epidermal means some skin problem it will cause exfoliation it will cause exfoliation of the skin everyone has heard of uh staphylococcal scalded Skin Syndrome SSS there is something known as tophylococcus scalded Skin Syndrome and that is caused by this toxin similarly toxic epidermolytic necrosis or ten ten all these epidermolytic kind of disorders or exfoliation of the skin kind of disorders like SSS and 10 they are caused by staph aureus coming to the last one enterotoxin the word entero tells me I'm now going to deal with an intestine so what is the enterotoxin going to cause let's take it up on a separate slide remember enterotoxin causes food poisoning obviously entero will cause something to do with food poisoning and that is what gets you the maximum questions remember the incubation period of this food poisoning is less than six hours it is one to six hours on an average so less than six hours if this give you a history in the exam you are dealing with two things if they say after consuming food after eating food within six hours a person has landed up with food poisoning either think of staphylococcus aureus or think of Basil is serious and which one is commoner remembers staphylococcus aureus is more common so how will you differentiate in the exam they will say incubation period was less than 6 hours how will you get to know whether it is to philococcus Aureus or bacillus serious you'll look out for the food if they say there is any dairy or poultry consumption that has happened Dairy and poultry consumption like for example in the previous neat paper there was a consumption there was a birthday party and everyone had consumed pastries all the kids had consumed pastries now pastry definitely has a lot of dairy creamy pastries they had consumed it has a lot of milk it has cream it has Dairy so obviously you would have selected staphylococcus order so anything that is dairy and poultry go for staph aureus if they mentioned C for Basil is serious C for Chinese fried rice or Chinese food you know what to select so remember Dairy poultry Select Staff Warriors Chinese fried rice Chinese food select basil is serious but if no food item is mentioned if nothing is mentioned only less than six hours is the time given go for the commoner one that is the philococcus Aureus now please remember enterotoxins are of many many types enterotoxin A B C D like that there are many many types all of them will cause food poisoning all of them will cause food poisoning except enterotoxin F now that is going to be something fishy enterotoxin f is going to be something fishy it doesn't although it looks like Antero it sounds like intestine problem but there is something fishy and what is that fishy thing in it it doesn't cause any kind of food poisoning it causes tsst I hope everyone has heard of something known as toxic shock syndrome toxin everyone's heard of toxic shocks in room TSS so this toxin toxin shock syndrome toxin it causes TSS and this toxin is known as a super antigen it's not a regular antigen it's a super antigen so repeating guys enterotoxin entero word means intestine but enterotoxin f is fishy it doesn't cause intestine problem it's a super antigen causing toxic shock syndrome having said that why don't we attempt a few questions if I say which of the following staphylococcal toxin which is responsible for food poisoning so for food poisoning what all do we have beta exotoxin enterotoxin Alpha Toxin and tsst I think for food poisoning intestine comes to our mind and enterotoxin is the best answer that we have right moving on to the next question the protein a of staphylococcus this is a pyq of the fmg exam the protein a of staphylococcus aureus is present in cell wall cell membrane it's not seen in the staph aureus or it's present as a toxin so please remember it is answer correct answer we did in the beginning protein a is present in the cell wall of the bacteria coming to the next question uh so this is definitely something that can help us out of the 20 children that went to a party 11 developed abdominal pain diarrhea with nausea and vomiting around six hours after food consumption so out of the 20 children 11 have had it and the incubation period given to me is six hours most of the most likely agent that you have so I know that within six hours I have to think of staphylococcus aureus and I have to think of bacillus serious let me look at the options I only have staphylococcus aureus in the options so the answer becomes very very simple they've not given me the type of food item consumed but only by looking at the incubation period I can make a guess okay now you this means you've done all the toxins that it can cause now if we ask you that what are food poisoning was just one thing that you learned if I ask you what are all the things that staphylococcus aureus does you learn it by the mnemonic known as soft pains please remember soft pains mnemonic will help you learn everything that you need to know so what is it firstly it causes all the soft tissue and skin infections all the soft tissue and skin infections next it causes om osteomyelitis it causes osteomyelitis f for food poisoning we've done that tea for two conditions 10 and TSS I've told you the toxins P for pneumonia pneumatocil in fact everything that I've highlighted in yellow the most common cause for those things are staphylococcus so the most common cause for osteomyelitis staph aureus most common cause of pneumatosil and pneumonia staph aureus most common cause of in infective arthritis staph aureus so repeating guys we have S for skin soft tissue o for osteomyelitis food poisoning 10 TSS pneumonia pneumatosine acute endocarditis infective arthritis necrotizing fasciitis a lot of it is coming up way acute endocarditis infective arthritis necrotizing fasciitis and sepsis out of which for om pneumatosine and infective arthritis it's the most common so if you get this kind of a question saying secondary bacterial pneumonia in a post influenza patient post influenza post-viral infection you can have a secondary bacterial infection so secondary bacterial pneumonia we just did pneumonias and pneumatocyles we've just studied that staphylococcus happens to be the commonest cause out here I hope all these features are done and when we can move on forward and understand what are the different types of enzymes that it produces what are all the enzymes that staphylococcus produces you can see five enzymes written over here and we've learned it by the mnemonic staphylococcus only what do I mean by that t for thermonucleus nucleus will remind you of dnas so remember thermonuclease or dnas is one pH for phosphatase C and C for catalase and coagulation now these are actually the most important staphylococcus aureus is catalase positive and coagulase positive repeating thermonucleus and dnas pH for phosphatase C for catalase c for coagulase how does the catalase test look like Catalyst test looks like this guys please remember the easiest ways what is catalyst if I ask you what is the enzyme catalase capable of doing you will say catalase is something which is capable of breaking H2O2 so what do I do on this slide I have taken one drop of H2O2 on this slide also I've taken one drop of H2O2 on this I've put I don't know which organism is it on this I've put some kind of an organism on top of it on this also I've put some kind of organism right now I don't know which is staff and which is not over here I saw there are no bubbles and over here I saw that bubbles were produced remember whenever bubbles will be produced the catalase test will be said to be positive when is the catalase test positive when bubbles are produced why because catalase enzyme breaks H2O2 H2O2 is hydrogen peroxide right catalase breaks H2O2 into water and oxygen and oxygen is responsible for bubble so simple if staphylococcus aureus is there catalase will be there reaction will occur oxygen will form bubbles will form so if catalase is there bubbles will form this means this organism was Catalyst positive if catalase is not there bubbles will not form this means this organism is cattle is negative so step there's another test that is known as the coagulase test it's also an enzyme but there are two ways of doing it you'll see ma'am like catalase test you were doing it on a slide similarly coagulates test you can either do it on a slide or you can do it in a test tube if you want to test for coagulas either you can do it on a slide or you can do it on a test tube the slight coagulase test is also known as the bound coagulus test and the test tube coagulase test is known as the free coagulate test how do I learn this because it's obviously becoming very overwhelming to learn so many things which is bound which is free which is slide which is tube count the number of alphabets free has four alphabets tube also has four alphabets so free and Tube coagulase tests are the same count the alphabets here slide has five alphabets bound has five alphabets so slide and bound are the same test that is how we learn it so slide and bound coagulus test tube and free coagulus test are the same and remember staff Aureus inter medius and hikers staph aureus intermediers and hikers show you both positive both of them are going to be positive under it whereas staff lug duringenses sounds like bound bound units is if you turn the alphabets around bound dunenses so logged units is only shows you the bound test positive test positive repeating guys all these Aureus intermediers hikers both of them are positive for both the tests however slee Ferry is free test positive luck donences is bound to test positive let's attempt some questions so if they ask you which of the following organisms do not show the test below do not show what is the test below first you primarily have to identify that the test shown below is the test with the bubbles the bubbly test is said to be the catalase test it is said to be the catalase test so they are asking you which of the following organisms is not Catalyst positive or is catalyst negative do you know the mnemonic for that remember cats need space cats need space so the catalase positive organisms cats space that is staphy is pseudomonas aspergillus candida enterobacter let's repeat cats need space so staphylococcus aureus pseudomonas aspergillus candida enterobacter coming back maybe we get something so for catalase the mnemonic that we said was space let's start repeating as positophylococcus do we have to phylocoupus over here it is capital is positive P for pseudomonas do we have pseudomonas over here positive a for aspergillus which is not over here C for candida I don't see candida over here e for enterobacter enterobacter is something which is not enterococcus enterobacter would be definitely something to do with enterobactericia family so that's an all together different family that is positive enteropocus is not Catalyst positive talking about mycobacterium that is where I want to complete the mnemonic cats need space and spin is being made that is how we learn we say cats need space and space is being made so space I know and being made will remind you of my co-bacterium so yes mycobacterium is also catalase positive mycobacterium is also catalase positive so again cats need space let's learn cats means catalase needs space to phylocouple pseudomonas aspergillus candida enterobacter and space is being made which tells us that mycobacterium is also catalase positive well having said that let's move on to the next question which of the following statements is incorrect about the test shown below or let me just add on before I get to that question let me ask you this question first I think it will be a better thing to do which of the following organisms do not show the test below that's the better question and this is a neat PG pyq this is a neat PG and even the fmg students need to know this so if you know this you automatically know the other questions do not show what test is this something said as positive something said as negative okay I don't know what test is it positive and negative is mentioned but I can see that it has been done in a test tube and all the staphylococcal organisms have been mentioned over here if it has been done in a test tube it could be a coagulase test it could be a coagulus test and what is the other name for tube coagulus test tube has four alphabets three has four alphabets yes so the free or the tube coagulus test is being done over here do I know there are three organisms that is staphylococcus aureus staphylococcus intermedius and staphylococcus hicus which show us both they show us both tests positive whether it is tube whether it is slight so staphylococcus aureus will be positive High case will be positive let's talk about staphylococcal schlie Ferry I have learned schnee fairies free test positive definitely locked units is lactunensis is only the bound test or the slight coagulus test positive so which of the following over here does not show the test below the philococcus luctuences does not show this test it shows the bound or the slight coagulus test so I think the catalase and coagulase reactions seem to be well versed and finally we can go on to the diagnosis how do we do the diagnosis of staphylococcus aureus firstly do you guys know when I write staphylo Focus what's the meaning of the word why did they call it staphylococcus so now today you'll get to know caucus means dot dot dot bacteria dot like round you'll say yes ma'am you can see these round round bacteria and via the purple in color because I know all Kokay are gram positive these are gram-positive cocais so just call it caucus why did you call it staphylo staphylo word means bunch of grapes can you see they are arranging like a bunch of grapes they are arranging like a bunch of grapes so the staphile word means bunch of grapes and caucus means the kokai bacteria dot dot dot okay then you say man we've also called it staphylococcus aureus what is the reason for calling it staphylococcus aureus because Aureus means golden the meaning of Aureus is gold please remember staphylococcus can you all see what kind of uh what kind of a culture is this please remember what you see over here is known as a nutrient agar we can probably take it on a separate slide have a look at this guys see this this is said to be a nutrient agar and on a nutrient agar I can see that there is a golden yellow pigment there is a golden pigment that it has produced golden is Oreos that is why you call it staphylococcus aureus golden pigment is produced and the name of this pigment is staphylo because obviously staphylococcus xanthine staphylo xanthine is the name of the pigment that's on a nutrient agar what is the next one the classical red color one and that is known as the blood and please remember in the blood agar can you see there's a DOT and a light area around it a DOT and the blackish area around it yes blood is being broken but very minimally there is something known as a narrow zone of hemolysis there is something known as a narrow zone of hemolysis please remember staphylococcus aureus on a nutrient agar shows you the golden yellow pigment and on a blood agar shows you a narrow zone of hemolysis last one what do you think are the selective media what is the selective media for Selective and differential I'll tell you the difference between these two what is the selective and the differential media for Staphylococcus aureus and that goes by the name of MSA Mannitol salt agar every word has a significance over here whatever I called it I've called it manitone salt agar firstly agar will tell you that yes it's a culture plate that you are using salt is what makes it selective salt is what makes it selective because food can grow in salt what do I understand by selective media only the desired bacteria will grow only and only the desired bacteria is going to grow means if you want to grow staphylococcus to philococcus grows in salt others don't grow in salt so I'm using staphylococcus I'm using salt because staphylococcus grows in it okay so salt has made it selective and secondly what has made a differential differential means difference between what am I using over here manitol manitol has made a differential means I want to find out is it a Mannitol fermenter or is it not a manitol ferment undifferentiating is it a Mannitol for Mentor or not so that is why it makes it a differential medium please remember when there is Mannitol fermentation present we are going to get a yellow color so if we get a yellow color means I'm dealing with a case of staph aureus means there is Mannitol fermentation if we don't get a yellow color this means Mannitol fermentation has not happened and this is not staphonous repeating for everyone guys now when I come back on the culture so you can say three things number one I think everyone's understood what are you going to see on a nutrient agar on a nutrient Target you'll get a golden pigment what will you see on a blood agar you are going to see narrow zone of hemolysis and what are you going to see on a Mannitol saltagar manitol fermentation will be noted all of these point in favor of staff so if I make you answer a question now as per the images shown below which of these does not correlate with the culture characteristics of staphylococcus aureus which of these does not correlate with the culture characteristics of staphylococcus aureus options given are one two three and four let's start analyzing blood agar with the narrow Zone this is the Philo cocosaurus golden yellow pigment definitely yes Mannitol fermentation definitely yes the fourth one is the answer over here it does not correlate why because if this is the organism is this a narrow zone of breaking or it's a wide zone of hemolysis a lot of red blood cells have broken this is said to be a wide zone of hemolysis and staff as far as I know staff does not show you a wide zone of hemolysis it shows you a narrow Zone over here wide zone of hemolysis is streptococcus streptococcus strepto biogenes shows you a wide zone of hemolysis so that is exactly what we'll be reading next as well and that is what tells you that this does not correlate with the culture characteristics let's move forward going on to the next question how does staphylococcus aureus become resistant to methicillin how does it become resistant to methicillin for those who've read it you know that the answer is going to be the mech a gene and for those who have not then now we are going to study it so let's start with something very very basic what is the first thing that you would want to give the first thing that you would want to give would be penicillins or beta lactose penicillin or beta lactose but now it is said that there's a lot of resistance towards penicillin or beta lactose that is noted because of what Gene because staphylococcus aureus produces something called beta lactamase if beta lactums are trying to act on staphylococcus to philococcus will produce beta-alactamase how do they make beta-lactamase by the bla Gene by the b l a gene they make beta lactamase blood Gene for beta-lactamase and that is what makes them resistant to penicillin so if they become resistant to penicillin what are you going to give them you're going to give them methicillin but now they are seeing because these bacteria have the mech aging because they have the meche gene they are now becoming C methicillin me because they have the method aging they are becoming resistant into methically known as methicillin resistant staphodes that is referred to as methicillin resistant staph aureus and if there is methylene resistance that results in the treatment by Vancomycin although now we even have Vancomycin resistant staphodes so resistance is ongoing because of the inadvertent use of so many antibiotics that is happening but yes ultimately when so much of resistance comes you have to do a culture sensitivity and find out that what is the antibiotic which will finally act upon it so basic first you give penicillin orbital atoms but if they have blood Gene and beta-lactamase they will become resistant so you give methicillin if the bacteria has Mech aging it will again become resistant so you give Vancomycin now coming back to the question once again I had asked you how does staphylococcus aureus become resistant to methicillin so methicillin resistant by the mech aging that was the answer over here I hope everyone sorted with this set of information also and we can move on to the next one organism causing IV biofilm organism causing IV IV biofilm what is that organism so four options staph epidermitis actinobacter meningococci mycobacterium so remember staph epidermidis is the answer over here what am I talking about please listen very carefully there is something known as cons what do you understand by cons cons means right now did I tell you that staphylococcus aureus when we were studying staphylococcus aureus did I tell you it is coagulated test positive and then I told you the two types of coagulators tube coagulas slight coagulas it was coagulous positive but remember there is a set of staphylococcus which is coagulase which is coagulase negative which is coagulate is negative repeating in Co for coagulus and N for negative staphylococcus so coagulate is negative staphylococcus is what you have to know how many types are there staph epidermidis and saprophyticus epidermidis gets you the maximum questions epidermitis makes a biofilm biofilm is something you know which is very commonly makes it in the IV cannulas the IV cannulas the intravenous cannulas that are put that is where this grows and it makes a biofilm what is the problem with the biofilm is that biofilm will make it very very resistant to antibiotics biofilm is like a cage it's like a protective cage it will make it very difficult for the antibiotics to reach these organisms so staph epidermidis has an IV biofilm and also it is involvement or it is involved in prosthetic valve endocarditis prostatic valve endocarditis Association is also seen versus saprophyticus is very commonly seen with UTI it's not that common but when regard to UTI yes it can cause so repeating what we are asked you over here was organism causing IV biofilm and that is staph epidermite is repeating these are coagulase negative staff either you have staph epidermidis or you have staph saprophyticus this is the one that causes biofilm production let's move on to the next one staph epidermidis has become important due to biofilm formation virulence white Spectrum antibiotics novobiosin resistance so remember the most important Point as to why stepy staph epidermidosis in you know is important nowadays because of biofilm production IV biofilm that is exactly what we studied right now moving on to the next question granuloma in the lymph nodes is seen in all the infections except pyq fmg exam granuloma in the lymph nodes are seen so does TB show you granulomas definitely sarcoidosis certainly so does hemophilus do prey that also causes granulomatous inflammation what does not cause granulomatous inflammation is staphylococcus aureus it does not cause granulomatous inflammation coming to the next one which of the following organisms causes the fastest food poisoning what did I understand by fastest I told you anything under six hours what were the two organisms under six hours we said that we had staphylococcus aureus and we had bacillus serious and now let us find these options to philococcus Aureus is also there and bacillus serious is also there so ideally this is not a perfectly framed question but since it came as a pyq you'll have to select one and the commoner one out of these two will be staphylococcus aureus coming to the next question a person ate some milk products in a party and after six hours started vomiting so firstly under six hours again under six hours someone has had food poisoning which means to phylophosaurus and bacillus series what is the difference in the food consumption in staphylococcus aureus it is dairy and poultry insta phylococcus Oreos Dairy and poultry in bacillus cereals it is c4c that is Chinese fried rice or Chinese food here you had dairy product which means we are dealing with a case of staphylococcus aureus the same history comes to you with Chinese fried rice and your answer becomes bacillus serious this also is a previous year question let's pick up the next question guys another pyq your way so you'll analyze that this topic is their all-time favorite food poisoning two hours after intake of food anything less than 6 hours again staff warriors bacillus series staph aureus and bacillus areas though both are there in the options I will have to select the commoner one the commoner one is staphylococcus aureus okay all said and done I think this set of bacteria is done and we can move on to the next one and I know the question comes across as a very very um overwhelming question with too many lengthy options let's read the question and then I think this one question finishes off everything about streptococcus that one is required to know that's the beauty of this question let's read each of the following statements about the classification of streptococcus is correct except so basically they've asked me which of these is the wrong statement whenever you read these kind of questions make an analysis in your mind what have they asked me have they asked me to pick the correct statements no they've said except so in my mind I've made an impression pick the one wrong statement find the one wrong statement out of these so one by one I'll keep coming back to these options because there are so many options written over here but I think I first have to start with the classification of streptococcus that is something which is very very important the classification of streptococcus we'll start with so guys when I start with the classification how do I divide it I divide it on the basis of hemolysis how can it break red blood cells how can it break the bladder guard so if I say that it only breaks it partially it only breaks blood partially or it breaks blood completely or it does not break Blood Simple so partial hemolysis complete hemolysis and Gamma hemolysis means no hemolysis Alpha Beta gamma streptococca is what we have they will ask you the colors so remember when blood is not broken at all there is no color blood will remain blood red color blood will remain red color blood but when blood is broken down either completely or partially on complete breakage blood will become yellowish in color on partial breakage it will become green in color how do I learn this a little tough right so what have I written we've written something called Alpha we've written something called beta and we've written something called gamma gamma you've understood there is no hemolysis no color change no human Alpha the way you write Alpha is the same way that you write a g so what color does alpha hemolysis give Alpha hemolysis gives a green color similarly the way you write a beta is the same way you write a y so what color does beta hemolysis give you it gives you a yellow color repeating Alpha hemolysis gives you a green color beta hemolysis gives you a yellow color and Gamma hemolysis does not give you any color so coming to the alpha category it has two things it has streptococcus viridens and streptococcus pneumonia repeating streptococcus viridens and streptococcus pneumonia come under Alpha hemolysis under beta hemolysis we further have a classification which we call as the landsfield classification and under gamma hemolysis we have one organism called enterococcus so I think Alpha and Gamma are done Alpha has viridens and pneumoniae Gamma has enterococcus this beta is what will attract further attention the beta is divided beta streptococcus has something called landsfield classification and what is landsfield classification can you see I've highlighted a c out of it so you'll ask me that ma'am first tell me out of Alpha Beta gamma landsfield is done for what it is the beta one that is classified further on the basis of landsfield classification and what is the basis of this classification it says that it is going to divide it into many groups like group a group b Group C Group D so on and so forth but this classification is based on the C for carbohydrate antigen in the cell wall it is based on the carbohydrate antigen in the cell wall repeating C for landsfield classification C for carbohydrate antigen in the cell wall and this divides it into many many groups like group a group b Group C Group D so for example if I ever say I have a case of group a beta hemolytics streptococcus or I'll say I have a case of Group B beta hemolytics streptococcus or I have a case of Group C beta hemolytics streptococcus so first I'll mention the group and then I'll tell you that yeah I'm dealing with a beta hemolytic streptococcus so for the beta we have something called lansfield classification and that is based on the carbohydrate antigen so when I come back to the question guys when I come back to the question I do see one option over here it says viridians streptococci are identified by Lands field grouping firstly tell me where it is viridines belongs to which category as far as I just taught you viridens and pneumonia were belonging to the alpha category veridians is belonging to the alpha category and is Alpha category identified by landsfield classification or is the beta category identified by landsfield classification so I have straight away found my wrong statement they've written that this is based on the carbohydrate antigen this part is right landsfield is based on carbohydrate antigen but it is done for the beta1 it is not done for viridines it is not done for Alpha so the wrong statement which one of these is wrong the wrong statement is option C one by one we'll study the other right ones also but the wrong or the incorrect statement that we have is option C okay having said this let let's move forward now out of all of these I am going to consider group a beta hemolytics streptococcus and what's the name group a beta hemolytics streptococcus remember it is known as streptococcus bio genes group a beta hemolytics streptococcus is streptococcus biogenes and there's a you know superb mnemonic that you're going to get now when we are talking about group a beta hemolytic streptococcus group a beta hemolytics streptococcus if it is written like this in the exam don't get confused group a beta hemolytic streptococcus streptococcus biogenes everything with pyogenes will be Pi Pi y that is how we've learned it number one how do you see it you'll see it as chains remember how is streptococcus same streptococcus is seen in the form of chains what is the transport media for pyogenes Pi Pi the transport media biogenes is the Pikes media what kind of colonies you will say ma'am it causes like a pin like a pin it causes pin points so Pio genes Pikes media Pine Point colonies and how much of hemolysis you say a very very wide zone of hemolysis it causes a wide zone so remember remember Pi Pi Pi y that is how we've learned it biogenes transport media Pikes media blood agar shows you Pine Point pinpoint colonies and it has a wide zone of hemolysis around it that is what is said to be streptococcus biogenes I hope up till now it is making sense further you want to study the biochemical reactions that also you learn with the words streptococcus biogenes only means what you'll say first and foremost right now we have done all the catalase positive organisms remember we said cats need space and space being made do you remember that mnemonic so SOS for Staphylococcus mean repeat we had staphylo pseudomonas aspergillus Candida enterobacter mycobacterium streptococcus was not there streptococcus has nothing to do with catalase it is a catalase negative organism coming to the next remember it is s for sensitive it is Bacitracin sensitive it is Bacitracin sensitive and py plus biogenes I have written it as p y plus because it is pyr test positive it's a very complicated reaction and you don't need to know the reaction as such for the exam but you need to know that remember step streptococcus biogenes is sensitive for Bacitracin and pyr test is going to be positive I hope that is somewhere making sense because we can move on to the question let's attempt this question a lengthy one so let's read it an eight-year-old boy is brought to the emergency room with a three-day history of fever pretty high fever 102 degree Fahrenheit and abdominal pain he complains of pain in his right knee as well as elbow so does joint involvement there's high fever there is abdominal pain and four weeks ago he was seen for sore throat and a rash the throat culture had shown gram positive cocci in Chains and antibiotic was given remember gram positive cocci in Chains gram-positive coca means purple color and they are in Chains have you started thinking of streptococcus biogenes because streptococcus biogenes also causes sore throat definitely and it is present in shames further I see physical examination the temperature is high the blood pressure the heart rate are mentioned so there's nothing very catchy in the heart rate and the blood pressure we see that there is definitely tenderness in the joints that is there because arthralgia arthritis is noted laboratory tests show C reactive protein as positive C reactive protein is definitely an inflammatory marker bacterial infection CRP will come positive WBC 20 2000 the normal WBC is 4000 to 11 000 over here the WBC has come out to be elevated as 22 000. ECG shows you prolonged PR interval where are we moving towards we are moving towards heart involvement there is a prolonged PR interval all of these are features of TLC being high C reactive protein being positive The Joint involvement that was mentioned over here the fever that was mentioned over here and finally the cardiac involvement mentioned over here we are dealing with the case of rheumatic heart disease dramatic fever rheumatic heart disease and I know that streptococcus pyogenes definitely causes rheumatic heart disease which of the following tests would be positive now tell me uh have I taught you catalase and coagulation streptococcus no Catalyst and coagulation now I come to these antibiotics did I just now teach you that there is Bacitracin sensitivity no it so the answer over here definitely becomes option C and that is sensitivity to Bacitracin so I'm giving you all a little bit of a homework now that we've studied streptococcus biogenes and we studied everything around it in terms of micro I want all of you to go and study the criteria for rheumatic heart disease because everything mentioned here was a case of rheumatic heart disease so I know you know the name of the criteria the revised Jones criteria just not Jones criteria the revised Jones criteria I want all of you to open up your medicine notes read up the revised zones criteria something which is very very important both in Pediatrics and medicine and once you are done it's a kind of an attendance once you are done reading with the revised zones criteria you have to write a done and a thumbs up in the chat Below in the comments below are done with the thumbs up will tell me that you were listening throughout the session and secondly that you've done your bit of homework okay let's have another question discussion over here streptococcus biogenes can be checked by which drug which antibiotic did I just study streptococcus biogenes is acid tracing sensitive so which is the antibiotic or drug disc that we will use it will be Bacitracin I hope that's okay group a beta hemolytics streptococcus is done let's move on to the other group now let's go on to Group B beta hemolytics streptococcus and that is known as streptococcus agility streptococcus agility which is involving you know it can involve the young children also the neonates also as well as the adults it can cause brain involvement as well it can cause meningitis also pneumonia also so streptococcus agility like I said it can affect the neonates it can also affect the adults or older children you can say rather than adults I prefer going for the word older children it can cause meningitis it can cause pneumonia and there are two tests that you have to learn for agility what are the two tests it is Camp test positive and hipurate hydrolysis positive repeating Camp test positive and hipurate hydrolysis positive out of them they will always ask you what is is a camp test firstly if you want to know the full form of camp it is Christy Atkins Munch Peterson it stands for Christy Atkins Munch Peterson but these are names of scientists and honestly if you skip this information there's nothing that you're going to lose out here Camp is the full form I've told you nothing to learn but what is the camp test and what exactly am I seeing over here that is something that I would want all of you to focus on so what is the camp test guys you can see what kind of a medium have I taken up over here I've taken something called the blood agar you can see the reddish color media I've taken something called a blood agar and on a blood agar what have I done I have done a vertical streak of staphylococcus aureus I have done a vertical streak over here of staphylococcus aureus and perpendicular to it perpendicular to it one perpendicular line here one perpendicular line here as of now I don't know what perpendicular line from the patient this is patient number one and maybe this is a known patient number two right now I don't know are they suffering from streptococcus agility or not so over here what's the difference between patient one and patient two you said and patient one at the junction of your sample and staphylococcus aureus you saw an arrowhead that was formed whereas in patient number two there is no Arrowhead that is formed so remember when the Arrow Head will form that will indicate that the camp test is positive I'm sorry when the Arrow Head will form that will indicate that the camp test is positive so remember you have to look out for this particular Arrowhead okay then cam test is positive if it's not there this means the camp test is negative repeating they will ask you for the labelings guys that's the most important thing out here vertically what do you do is to phylogosaurus perpendicular you put the patient sample like over your streptococcus and you found that Arrowhead very very important test okay having said that you've done with let us see let us do a checklist what all have we done we had Alpha Beta gamma category right we had something called alpha beta and gamma category out of that the beta category is done the landscale classification we've done group a beta hemolytic streptococcus which was streptococcus biogenes we've done Group B beta hemolytics streptococcus which is streptococcus agility let me move on to the next one let me move on to gamma hemolysis then we'll come back to Alpha let us move on to gamma hemolysis and Gamma hemolysis means what gamma means no hemolysis there is no hemolysis that is going to occur and what is there under gamma hemolysis is enterococcus what is there under gamma hemolysis it is enterococcus so how do I learn enterococcus from the name enterococcus itself the mnemonic of enterococcus is enterococcus itself so we'll try and decode the mnemonic the way you write an e over here you can make the E into a spectacle you can make an e into a spectacle because this is a spectacle gram positive cocci the shape of it is that of a spectacle so that's the first e you've changed it into a spectacle now we come to the next that is N N means it has no no no it has no motility it does not show you hemolysis gamma hemolysis and NaCl 6.5 percent it can survive remember no hemolysis no motility NaCl requirement 6.5 t for tolerant it is tolerant to heat E4 I've changed the E again every time I get an E I change it first I change it into a spectacle looking now I've changed it into a b because this grows in the presence of bile how much percent bile 40 bile that is why if I ask you that you want to grow a particular enterococcus which kind of medium will you use you will say ma'am I'll use the Bea medium Bea medium is bile sqlin azide agar even if you don't learn the full form nothing to worry just remember b e a is something that has bile and if enterococcus will grow on it what color has it got you it's got you a black color so remember bile and black have to go with enterococcus bile and black have to go with enterococcus coming back so the E I have changed into a b while Escalon as I dagar gives us a black color growth finally we come to the last one and that is R there is some reaction which is positive and which reaction is positive pyr reaction is positive pyr test is positive so repeating guys e for spectacle n for non-motile non-hemolytic NaCl 6.5 percent t for tolerant e again for B while while 40 b e a black color and reaction pyr test positive why don't we go back to the question that we were studying are we able to rule out something over here enterococcus or group D streptococci and can be classified by their ability to grow on 6.5 percent NaCl did we just study that enterococcus can grow on a 6.5 NaCl yes n for NaCl 6.5 percent so that is certainly making sense out here so this statement becomes the true statement fine having said that now we are done with the alpha category now we're done with the beta category the gamma category we can straight away come down to the alpha category what all comes under Alpha there are two things Alpha hemolytic has viridin's group versus pneumonia group pneumococcus streptococcus veridians versus strepto Focus pneumoco strepto pneumococcus or pneumonia that is what comes under the alpha category how do I differentiate between them so remember the difference is primarily on these two rather than shapes the differences is primarily on these two remember virudence has RI you will always remember R for resistant what is it resistant to it is opto chain resistant it is optogen resistant and I for insoluble what insoluble it is bile insoluble repeating for you guys R for resistant it is optogen resistant and I for insoluble it is going to be bile insoluble if you've learned viridens pneumococcus is the opposite this was after chain resistant pneumococcus becomes Optical insensitive this was bile insoluble pneumococcus becomes soluble so simple way of learning pneumococcus is soluble and sensitive it is soluble and sensitive whereas viridins viridense is going to be insoluble and resistant okay so having said that now I can again and get back to the options but before I get back let me just finish it off what do they cause Common Sense what do you think streptococcus pneumococcus will cause it will obviously cause a case of pneumonia it will cause pneumonia in it and what is viridin's cause viridance causes endocarditis veritamins is very famous for causing endocarditis next question they ask you veridines is present in Chains viridines is an organism that is present in Chains and pneumococcus is an organism that is lens shaped lanciolet with a capsule let me show you a photo this is the photo of streptococcus pneumoniae or pneumococcus like I said it is lanciolet with a capsule it is lanciolet with a capsule when I try to grow it on a culture when we try to culture streptococcus pneumoniae we get something known as either you can call it a droughtsman colony either you can call it a dotsman colony or you can call it a carom coin Colony it is also known as a carom coin Colony so repeating dotsman Colony or carom coin Colony wise so how does a carom coin look like carom coin is elevated in the periphery depressed in the center does it look exactly like this elevated in the periphery depressed in the center elevated in the periphery depressed in the center yes so remember carom coin or dotsman colony is what you see with streptococcus pneumoniae plus did you see that this lanciolet also had a capsule around it that's a very very important point it is a capsulated organism means streptococcus pneumoniae is made up of capsular polysaccharide and on the basis of capsular polysaccharide you can divide it into many subtypes there are almost over 90 subtypes that are known of streptococcus pneumoniae on the basis of the capsular polysaccharide so if I ask you that on the basis of capsular polysaccharide can you do the typing of streptococcus pneumonia yes the typing of it can be done and there's a very famous reaction for any organism with capsule like for example if you say hemophilus influenza also has a capsule streptococcus pneumonia has a capsule so all of them which have a capsule they show something called the quelum reaction positive what do I mean by quilling reaction please let's draw a diagram for example if this is the bacteria this is the bacteria and this is the capsule on top of it so do you all agree that every capsule will definitely have an antigen every capsule will have an antigen and I know that if I add anti-capsular antibody if I add an antibody against it ideally will the antigen antibody reaction occur will that ideally take place yes this already has an antigen if I add an antibody then the reaction will take place don't you think this capsule will swell up in that case if there is a reaction that will occur if the reaction will occur I will see that the capsule will swell up there will be capsular swelling that will be noted so please remember guys that is known as the quelon reaction it's the swelling of the capsule on adding anti-capsular serum that is what you get in a case of streptococcus pneumoniae or you also call it pneumococcus in that manner okay now let me come back I can visit the question let us read option first streptococcus pneumoniae are alpha hemolytic yes Alpha hemolytica two things viridance and streptococcus pneumoniae and these can be typed on the basis of the polysaccharide capsule right now exactly what we studied it definitely can let's go on to the last option although pneumococci and veridians are alpha hemolytic correct pneumococci and veridians are alpha hemolytic they can be differentiated by bile solubility and susceptibility to optogen exactly my mnemonic do you remember the mnemonic for viridins I have taught you that viridin's R will tell me that it is optogen resistant and I will tell me that it is bile insoluble whereas pneumococcus for pneumococcus we said that it ends with an s so everything is s while it is soluble optogen it is sensitive so can they be differentiated on the basis of these findings certainly can and finally this question like I said in the beginning the beauty of this question is that the entire streptococcus chapter can be finished within the domains of this and I think we've managed to do that wonderfully so please remember something very very important this entire question only per se is very important right so well having said that I think we can take up another question a 30 year old patient presented with fever presented with headaches and presented with vomitings he had a splenectomy a few years ago what is the most probable uh organism so actually this is again a question which can have multiple options right uh Whenever there is a person who's undergone splenectomy maximum chances of infection happen to be with capsulated organisms like pneumococcus H influenza even meningococcus pneumococcus Edge influenza meningococcus basically these are the kind of things which probably get you uh which have a capsule right these are the things which have a capsule and spleen helps you fight capsulated organisms please remember spleen is something that helps you fight against capsulated organisms and now I'm saying that the spleen is removed the spleen has been removed this means you cannot fight against you will be susceptible person will be susceptible to all these capsulated so like I said there are two best answers that you'll get over here pneumococcus meningococcus going in the order of more importance pneumococcus stands better but yes both of them are important because capsulated organisms are being mentioned over here so I suppose that is done let's move on to the next question a patient presents with signs of pneumonia the bacterium obtained from sputum was a gram-positive cookus which showed Alpha hemolysis on sheepagar which showed Alpha hemolysis on sheepaga repeating you have a case of pneumonia and Alpha hemolysis under Alpha group I only know two organisms one is viridins and the other is going to be pneumococcus but remember pneumococcus is something which is obviously going to cause pneumonia so I know I'm dealing with the case of streptococcus pneumoniae which of the following test will help you give the diagnosis do you remember how do we differentiate between viridines and pneumococcus number one we look for bile solubility number two we look for optogen out of those two I have bile solubility mentioned over here and I know pneumococcus ends with s it is bile soluble that's the answer moving on to the next one the easiest one I can say of the session drotsman appearance of colonies right now I told you dotsman appearance of colony also known as the coin colonies they are associated with streptococcus pneumoniae strepto not General streptococcus streptococcus pneumonia that is nothing but pneumococcus so yes that is the final answer that you have I hope all the set of pyqs seem sorted for everyone they are not very tough staff and strepto seem to be done in fact we'll also take up one more uh you know one more set of organisms over here if you remember when we started off the first thing that I told you was all the kokai are gram-positive except niceria moraxella and Velo Nella all of them are gram positive except niceria moraxella and Velo Nella and now I can finally come to the negative one means I can come to niceria and this means that I am still dealing with those dot dot cocai but now I have made them gram negative so we have two types of Nigeria in front of us niceria meningitis which will always cause meningitis and niceria gonorrhea which will always cause gonorrhea means genital infections before I start going with them are they naturally present in the body do they have a natural habitat in our body yes they do they definitely cause diseases but they have a natural habitat remember niceria meningitis is commonly present and normally present in the nasopharynx whereas niceria gonorrhea is present in the genital region and this is their natural habitat so niceria meningitis near the meningitis near the brain you have nasopharynx and niceria gonorrhea is for genital next how do you differentiate them we differentiate them on their ability to ferment something on their ability to ferment something so please remember when we are talking about niceria meningitis it has M as well as g means it will ferment maltose as well as glucose whereas niceria gonorrhea only has G so it will only ferment glucose not maltose repeating they will ask you that nice Syria meningitis ferments maltose glucose both you'll say meningitis has M also G also so maltose and glucose both whereas gonorrhea does not have M it does not ferment maltose it only ferments glucose so can I say glucose fermentation has been carried out by both it is the main differentiating point is maltose fermentation because maltose is something which only meningitis will ferment and not gonorrhea yes moving on coming to the next how do they look like what is the difference in their appearance the shape over there so remember meningitis the way you write meningitis you write an M you can make a lens like appearance out of it it's a lands lanciolet or a lens like appearance and it has a capsule around it repeating the way you write M you are going to make a lens out of it and it has a capsule around it where is gonorrhea the way you write G and G you can make kidneys out of it so gonorrhea is said to be the bean shaped or it is said to be the kidney shape remember the meningitis is lanciolet or lens shaped with a capsule whereas Bean shaped gonorrhea is going to be like a g like a kidney out of them which of them has a capsule repeating again meningitis has a capsule moving on what do they cause Common Sense meningitis will cause meningitis and gonorrhea will cause genital infections that is STD I don't think you need a mnemonic for that right meningitis will cause meningitis and gonorrhea will cause STD what else meningitis is also famous for calling for causing bilateral adrenal Hemorrhage it is very famous Universe for causing adrenal gland it causes bilateral adrenal gland Hemorrhage that is also known as water house Frederickson syndrome Waterhouse Frederickson syndrome is something which is bilateral adrenal gland Hemorrhage which is seen with niceria meningitis next niceria gonorrhea I know it causes STD I also know in oftal that it causes ophthalmia neonitorum in the neonates how do they get the infection how do the neonates get this infection while they are passing through the birth canal the mother has nyseria gonorrhea and while they are passing through the birth canal during birth during a normal vaginal delivery that is when they get the infection and they present with ophthalmia neonatorium what else niceria gonorrhea can also cause the fhc syndrome what is fxc syndrome fits huge Curtis syndrome fits you Curtis syndrome is nothing but a case of peripatitis inflammation around the liver fibrosis around the liver around the liver Peri hepatitis happens in fits you Curtis syndrome there are many other organisms even chlamydia can cause Fields you Curtis syndrome we will be studying about that eventually but one organism as of now which can cause it is niceria gonorrhea okay all said and done let's do a quick recap when I'm dealing with meningitis obviously it will cause meningitis and Waterhouse Frederickson syndrome gonorrhea will cause STD child passing through the canal of thalmia neonatorium and complication fitsuke Curtis syndrome coming to the next one that is what is the media which media do you grow it in both of them can be grown in a charcoal based media called Thea Martin medium both the niceria Theo Martin medium if you want to learn something additional gonorrhea can also be grown in the modified New York agar but what you have to have to learn is the theoremounted medium for both the Nigeria and what is the transport media the transport media is the stewards or the Amy's media the stewards or the Amy's media happens to be the transport media so let's repeat theoremounted medium for growth Stuart do you all remember there was a movie a cartoon movie animated movie called called stew little it was on on a on a mouse Stuart Little so Stuart Little was always a mouse always running around always moving around so moving around Transportation Stuart and Amy's media transport media and thermatic medium is the growth medium finally what is any any one of them which has any kind of a vaccine yes remember nyseria meningitis the meningococcal vaccine the meningo cocal vaccine has all these types in it first please remember when we are talking about nyseria meningitis niceria meningitis has capsule like we said it looks like a lens and it has a capsule so capsule polysaccharides are type A type B type c type Y type w135 repeating what all is this we have ABC Y and W 135 on the basis of capsule these are the types of Nigeria so meningococcus a b c y w135 remember out of all these all of them are used in the vaccine but B is not used in the vaccine B is not used in the vaccine please remember that's again a pyq that you guys have got so let's start probably attempting one or two questions and I think that will make more sense the site where niceria meningitis bacteria Harbor normally remember nyseria meningitis present normally we said that they are present in skin genitals nasopharynx or lower git they are normally present in nasopharynx so niceria meningitis nasopharynx and what's in the genitis niceria gonorrhea was present in the genitals okay moving on to the next question which of the following is a gram-negative diplococci firstly kokai let's pick up the kokai you'll see ma'am right now we've studied staphylococcus it's a caucus we've studied streptococcus that is also a caucus nyseria is also a caucus corini bacterium diphtheria is not a caucus we haven't studied it as of now it's a bacillus so firstly that doesn't make any sense option is ruled out they've asked me kokai I know that all kokai are gram-positive but I know that niceria meningitis what were the three exceptions exceptions Nigeria moraxella Velo Nella niceria morogzilla Velo Nella they are gram negative and that is what they've asked me they've asked me the kokai which is gram negative so Nigeria over here is the best answer that I have moving on to the next one meningococcal vaccine cannot be used for which of the following serotypes do you remember there were five zero types that we studied a b c y and w135 out of which I said which of them is not there for a vaccine or meningococcal vaccine is not used against which strain it is not used against zero type B coming to the next one which of the following is a kidney shaped bacteria again very very simple kidney shaped I just told you there's a g and there's a g and you make a kidney out of it so niceria gonorrhea or gonococcus is a kidney shaped bacteria as we proceed in bacteriology we will be doing the shapes of all of these undoubtedly but as of now yes niceria gonorrhea is going to be a kidney shaped bacteria so when we come back these are all that you had to know with regard to the kokai now moving forward we'll also be going to the basil line now usually I say it was really I say that all the bacilli are gram negative all the bacilli are gram negative except McDonald's so let's start with that all the bacilli means basil I will no longer be dot dot basil I will be Rod shaped all the bacilli are going to be gram negative except mycobacterium Anthrax clostridium diphtheria McDonald no cardia actinomyces listeria I know right now all of a sudden you will feel um as if a big list has come on top of us and you know we can't learn too much of it and there's no pressure right now because we are gradually going to read all of these organisms and they'll organically enter into our system as of now I know that all the bacilli are going to be gram negative but there's one bacillus which is I'm going to teach you right now and that is karani bacterium diphtheria so that is what we'll be starting off with next please remember when I'm talking about karani bacterium diphtheria it is not it is a bacilli but it is not gram-negative it belongs to that rare variety the McDonald variety of gram positive bacilli gram-positive bacilli and it has nothing else it doesn't have any motility it has no Spore forming ability it has no capsule problem in it so no motility no sporing no capsule nothing at all and it's belonging to that McDonald variety repeating all bacilli all the bacilli are going to be gram negative except for McDonald's and right now out of all of those I am only telling you to learn D for diphtheria corini bacterium diphtheria so first question that will come to your mind is that how many types of these do you have actually we just call it qurani bacterium we just call it as a family of qurani bacteria and everyone please listen to me for say 15 more minutes and then we'll take up all the questions in the end first let us read everything that is important for Karimi bacteria and then we proceed to the questions so when I'm talking about karani bacteria there is something called qurani bacterium diphtheria which is known as loflers bacilli everything about karani bacterium diphtheria will have the word Loft floor in it because the primary scientist for all the contribution was loffler so remember qurani bacterium diphtheria loflus bacillus then they are non-diphthyroids non-dictoroids include listen carefully qurani bacterium ulcerins what do I learn U for ulcers and L for which organ can you see that is involved over here lung involvement is seen so karani bacteria malcolins U for ulcerin's L for lung involvement lung infection pseudotuberculosis so pseudotuberculosis what do you say P4 it is also known as the presnocard bacillus and S4 this causes infection in animals that is sheep repeating karani bacterium ulcerins you for ulcerin's Alpha lung involvement karani bacterium pseudotuberculosis P for presnocard bacillus is for sheep and karani bacterium karani bacterium minotesimum causes a red erythro erythro always means red it causes a red color rash on the skin obviously skin rash red coral red rash it causes so these are the non-diphthyroids right now I'm focusing on Karina bacterium diphtheria which is loflers bacillus and it is said you'll say okay ma'am what all does it cause first I'll tell you what does what disease does it cause Common Sense corini bacterium diphtheria will obviously cause a disease called diphtheria right so what is diphtheria if I ask you that diphtheria can be of many many types diphtheria can happen uh in the respiratory tract it can happen in the tonsillar location along the respiratory tract it can happen in the larynx so I'll show you some uh you know areas and some pictures which will help you so the first picture that you see out here you can see that there is a pseudo membrane that is formed there is a pseudo membrane that is formed can you see in which area it is formed in the soft palate and the tonsillar area because diphtheria very classically involves the most common location affected is the tonsillar area the fossil area the respiratory area but the the most dangerous you do understand that laryngopharynx if a membrane imagine if this kind of a membrane is formed on the larynx a person would not be able to breathe there will be respiratory obstruction that will occur and that will make it life-threatening so if someone asks you which is the most dangerous uh you know the most dangerous type of karani bacterium diphtheria manifestation that is in the larynx what else it also involves the lymph nodes and the area of the neck the neck becomes very very swollen and antimatter's so you call it the Bull's neck remember there's a membrane formed there is Bull's neck formed the membrane in the tonsilla region is the most most common location and in the larynx is the most most dangerous location that is what diphtheria is but does that mean that every qurani bacterium diphtheria will end up having resulting in diphtheria in the patient means each one of us whenever this enters into our body we will land up with diphtheria no because all all of them are not carrying the toxin some of them carry the toxin which toxin am I talking about obviously the Torx Gene for toxin production karani bacterium diphtheria should have the Torx Gene so for example these are two Carini bacterium diphtherias that you have this one has the tox Gene this one does not have the tox Gene this has the toxin Gene so you'll say ma'am this is going to be toxogenic it is going to make toxin it is going to result in infection and this one you will call as non-toxigenic so basically it's whether they have the tox gene or not so for example this one has the toxin this one is toxogenic it is causing the disease can it pass on the gene to some other karani bacterium can it pass it on to this one this one doesn't have the Torx Gene can it pass it on yes Vita fudge bacteriophage bacteriophage can take up the toxin from here and pass it on to here what is that known as because we studied it in the second part of General microbiology that is bacteriophage transferring one Gene from here to here that is known as transduction so can I say that all qurani bacterium diphtheria don't have the toxin some of them have the toxins some of them don't but if you want to transfer the toxin from one place to another you can use bacteriophage or transduction so they will also ask you that how do you get to know how do you get to know whether you're uh if I give you bacteria number one and I give you bacteria number two this is also carry any bacterium this is also Carini bacterium I ask you which of them is toxic and which of them is not which of them is toxogenic which of them is non-toxigenic what test will you do this testing methodology is known as LX gel precipitation test this methodology is LX gel precipitation test and listen to me very carefully what are we doing in it what preparations do I have to do I will take a filter paper I am going to take a filter brown color filter paper over here and I'm going to put antitoxin of corini bacteria not the toxin I've put an anti-toxin Solution on this filter paper and kept it over here perpendicular to it I'll put three lines what are these three lines over here I'll put a filter paper and I know this is not from the patient it is a known Karina bacterium diphtheria which I know it has a toxin that qurani bacterium diphtheria I will put over here so think logically the toxin I know it has a toxin so the toxin is over here and on the filter paper you have anyway put the antitoxin will a reaction occur if the toxin is here and the antitoxin is here you'll say yes ma'am you can see those precipitin limes forming those precipitant lines will tell me that reaction has occurred toxin was there what have I done over here Abita have not gone to the patient here I had put a toxogenic strain here I have put a non-toxigenic strain it does not have the toxin now do you think any lines will form this does not have the toxin will any lines form it will not so first I know that over here I had pototoxygenic strain so lines had formed over here I have put The non-toxigenic Strain so lines have not formed and now finally in the center I put the unknown I put the sample I don't know whether my patient has a toxogenic strain or a non-toxigenic strain but when I put the sample over here I saw these lines now tell me if the lines are coming positive is it a toxogenic or a non-toxigenic strain you will say ma'am it is a toxogenic strain so have you understood the utility of the LX gel precipitation test firstly it's just a toxin antitoxin reaction if you see the precipitin lines toxin is there if you don't see the precipitous lines the toxin is not there and is the toxin always present not at all toxin is transported via what via a bacteriophage that's the story of toxin now let's look at how it looks under the microscope so first and foremost we know karani bacterium diphtheria is a bacilli bacilli will always look lengthy like a rod perfect I have studied all Gras all basilia gram negative but qurani bacterium diphtheria belonged to the McDonald mnemonic so it is gram-positive that is why you can see that it has come out purple in color because it is gram positive but do you see some weird shapes i v l because karani bacterium diphtheria is very famous for having the Chinese letter or the CUNY form appearance it is very famous for having Chinese letter or CUNY form appearance okay further if you have ever have to zoom into it you will see that karani bacterium diphtheria looks something like this you'll see some knobs at the term terminal portions you will see some knobs I'll show you another picture have a look at this can you see pick up anyone can you see there are two prominent round circles at the poles there are prominent circles that are present what are those known as Donal those are known as four names volutin granules there are the poles so we call them bipolar granules babe turns granules and metachromatic granules there are four names all four of them are the names of the same thing let's repeat what are the four things we have volutin granules bipolar granules Vape sense granules and metachromatic Daniels and what are the stains for them there are three stains that you can use pan stains can be used for staining the volutin granules Ponders everyone learn with me when I want to stain these round round granules I have pondered stain Albert stain niser stain pan stains are there what is the picture given here of the picture here is of Albert stain what is Albert Stein Albert Stein is the timtim stain what is the timtim stain meaning means the first thing in Albert that I will be adding will be toluudine blue the very first thing that I will be adding will be toludine blue the next thing that I will be adding will be iodine it will be iodine and the third thing that I will be putting up over here is going to be malachite green we will have malachite green so let's do a recap number one we'll have toluudine blue a blue purple kind of a stain then iodine and then a greenish stain so remember the bacteria is going to come green this malachite green is going to make the bacteria green and finally what is going to make it purple the toluudine blue will make the volutin granules purple now does it look like this let's repeat if you see the organism has Stained green because of malachite green and the volutin granules have stained purple because of toluudine blue so volutin granules or by bipolar or babes on stomatochromatic granules they are all stained purple because of toluudine blue and the organism has been stained green because of malachite cream remember this is the timtim staining protocol of Albert staining but other than Albert what are the other stains that we can use we can use Ponders we can use Albert and we can use nice sustain but are volutin granule specific are the only and only seen in qurani bacterium diphtheria no they are also seen in other organisms remember what is the mnemonic for volutin granules one thing you'll remember karani bacterium diphtheria definitely but other than qurani bacterium diphtheria you see it in v n g s first letter last letter first letter last letter so gns means Garden Ella and spirulum repeating gardenella and spirulum V and N I make a little bit of a change V is also looking like y so yeast and N is also looking like M so mycobacterium tuberculosis let's do a recap we have number one we have uh the volutin V so V looks like a y so I say yeast n looks like an m so MTB G for garden Ella and S for spirulum along with qurani bacterium diphtheria all of them have volutin granules but if I ask you what are these granules if someone asks you what is the composition of these volutin granules remember they are made up of energy they have nothing but energy they are energy sources they are poly metaphosphate they are poly metaphosphate again something that could come to you in the potential question I would say volutin granules are poly meta phosphate I hope that is okay with everyone so if you want to identify First you look at it under the gram stay in the Chinese letter appearance next you look at the volutin granules and finally you say let's grow it on culture media what other culture media that you have for the diagnosis of diphtherium culture media are two enriched culture media selective culture media we must know the difference what is an enriched medium in general whenever I say something is enriched will mean you have made it very very rich means I have added a lot of things in this media I have made it very very rich I have given it a lot of food in this media I've kept so much of food and so much of nutrients have kept inside it that this diphtheria when I put it on top of this media it will get all that food and grow very very fast so when I say I'm dealing with an enriched media it means that the media has a lot of nutrients a lot of food and the bacteria is going to have a feast the bacteria is going to have a party out there because the bacteria will come across so much of food so much of nutrients it will eat quickly it will become big fat and grow and if it grows I'll be able to see it that is an enriched media remember enriched if we see the example that I've given over here is LSS loftler Sedum slope did I tell you in the beginning that everything with diphtheria will have the word loffler in it qurani bacterium diphtheria is also known as the loffler's bacillus so the name of the enriched media for diphtheria is luffler serum slope one more very interesting thing that I'll point out over here counter the number of alphabets in enriched it has eight alphabets count the number of alphabets in lawflower eight alphabets and how many hours does the bacteria take to grow in this the bacteria takes six to eight hours repeating enriched has eight alphabets loffler has eight alphabets eight hours is the time taken for the bacteria to grow in an enriched loffler medium versus a selective medium selective means selectively only this will grow every other bacteria star step to all other bacterias will be suppressed selectively only one thing is going to shine out and that is karani bacterium diphtheria PTA potassium Telluride agar which takes very long 48 hours and can you see this blackish color this blackish color is what you get on a potassium Telluride agar so repeating for all of you guys enriched eight alphabets low flow rate alphabets takes eight hours selective media is potassium Telluride agar which takes 4 theater so if someone asks you which is the fastest Media or the faster method of growing diphtheria the faster method is going to be the enriched medium so when we are doing the testings let's do a quick recap first you do a Gram stain Chinese letter next you do the Albert staining for volutin granules next you start growing it on enriched and selective media third you can do the LX gel precipitation test because you want to find out the toxogenicity or the known toxogenicity and finally nowadays no one does it but Shake test is also a test done for susceptibility what is this shake test for those who remember Shake test is a type of a Type 3 hypersensitivity reaction it is done on humans it is done on humans to find out the susceptibility is the human susceptible or is he immune basically you want to find out two things is this human being still susceptible to diphtheria will he have diphtheria or has he become immune is he susceptible or is he immune that will be determined by the shake test so whenever in the exam they say that the Chic test has come out to be positive what is the interpretation that you would probably take out there repeating when they say in the exam that the positive Shake test is noted let's start with the questions positive trick test is noted it indicates that the person is susceptible to diphtheria that the person is basically susceptible to diphtheria that is what you have okay moving on let's practice other questions starting from this karani bacterium diphtheria is what I've already done it's a bacilli and I know that all bacilli are gram-negative but McDonald bacilli are different gram positive bacillus it is a gram positive bacillus pyq fmg exam coming to the next question diphtheria toxin acts by now this could some this could be something new I have taught you everything about the diphtheria toxin did we teach you something about the tox Gene being present or absent and how the bacteriophage can transfer it from one place to another but finally how does it act what is the mechanism of action remember it inhibits the protein synthesis it inhibits the protein synthesis and that is how diphtheria happens unfortunately no mnemonic for this something that you'll have to mug up diphtheria toxin inhibits protein synthesis question number three fmg pyq which of the following is the most severe form of diphtheria which of the following is the most severe form of diphtheria so I think everyone knows the respiratory involvement the larynx involvement involvement of the laryngopharynx will definitely be the most severe form moving forward karani bacterium species causing erythrasma the first thing that I taught you karani bacterium species causing erythrasma so do you remember we had something called qurani bacteria minitissimum minuteissimum causes that red color coral red color rash that I was teaching you yes so minuteissimum for erythrasma next one pyq neet PG freeze no card bacillus please no card bacillus which of these is known as that so prisner card bacillus mycobacterium carrying bacterium ulcerin pseudotuberculosis or bacillus series and the answer is pseudotuberculosis do you remember the mnemonic P and S P for the presnocard bacillus and S was that it causes infection in the sheep that is what we had studied it causes infection in the Sheep let's see if we have more questions karani bacterium diphtheria is arranged in what it is arranged in which alphabet Arrangement Chinese letter or Chinese letter I told you also known as puneiform Arrangement Chinese letter O cuneiform Arrangement is what it is seen in and tomorrow uh and in the next sessions I will be telling you the same question again and again because all these are left so by the end of bacteriology we should be able to answer all of these that are there moving on to the next question false about karani bacterium diphtheria this is a good one this is a pyq again from neet PG falls about karani bacterium diphtheria also the last question of this session deep invasion is not seen uh did you see was there a membrane forming superficially or was it going inside the larynx going inside the tonsils no you said that ma'am there was a superficial pseudo membrane that was formed so it remains superficial only deep invasion is not seen that is correct it remains superficial it does not go deep next LX gel precipitation test is done for knowing toxogenicity yes do you remember that filter paper Wala and I told you whether the lines will form or not is it done to know the toxogenicity correct metachromatic granules are seen again correct did we study volutin granules known as babes earns granules known as bipolar granules known as metachromatic granules yes metachromatic granules are seen last one toxogenicity is by chromosomal changes known as chromosome determine it or is bacteriophage going to actually transfer it toxogenicity is by transfer from a bacteriophage means by which genetic technique toxogenicity is dependent on transduction so which of the following statements was false over here option number D was the answer over here well with that I think it's been quite an extensive session we've done a lot of bacteria from staff entire family of strepto niceria meningitis gonorrhea entire qurani bacterium is done and in the next session this is exactly what we'll be starting with we'll be going ahead with the Spore forming bacilli so we've got bacillus species or many of them and a lot of clostridium species also coming up so yes that will be what the next session will be along with many other bacteria as well we'll be wrapping it up in the next session so yes that is how it goes thank you guys for joining in I hope you guys are benefiting from the same I've given you a tiny little homework of reading the revised Jones criteria I hope you'll be doing that with a thumbs up in the chat box that you've done it and I'll be meeting you in the next session with many more bacteria and a continuation of the microbiology crash course thank you so much and a recap PDFs are available on the telegram groups and channel and the link for that is already available in the description below so please you can download it from there thanks a lot have a great day study well all the very best hi everyone welcome back to the YouTube session of the microbiology crash course for all of those who are new out here I'm Dr Priti Sharma and I am an educator for pathology and microbiology well we are continuing with the microbio crash course for the upcoming need next and fmg exam students and we've already completed four or five essential components of this particular crash course we finished with two parts of General microbiology we finished with a very important section that is fungus or mycology and we've also finished a portion of bacteriology today we'll be taking the bacteriology forward and dealing with the other bacteria that come under it so for all of those who probably missed out on the previous videos they are available on the platform they are available under the video section there's a separate playlist that is there so all of you can certainly look at all the microbiology videos from there also as with regard to the PDF of this particular all these classes that are going on the PDFs of these will be available on the telegram group I've put the link to the telegram group in the description below the telegram Channel and the group the description below has the name it goes by the name of pathology by Dr Preeti Sharma so you can follow me on the telegram or Instagram or Facebook groups and you would be able to download the PDF from Telegram and Facebook well having said that let's begin with the bacteria and the set of bacteria that we have to cover today become this poor forming bacteria when I say Spore forming bacteria the ones which make spores there are two that come under it one are going to be one is going to be bacillus basil is having the a immediate to it is an aerobe it requires oxygen and clostridium is claustrophobic means claustrophobic means less oxygen so clostridium happens to be an anaero so please remember first and foremost bacillus a so it's an aerobe and clostridium reminds us of claustrophobic so that is an animal job so let's begin with the very first question and then we'll study accordingly question number one out here guys which of the following is not a virulence factor of bacillus anthraces which of the following is not a virulence Factor the bile toxin edema toxin lethal toxin or capsular polysaccharide and the correct answer to this is labile toxin is not a virulence Factor so you would obviously ask me what are the virulence factors that are there for bacillus anthrosis so remember bacillus Anthrax that you commonly know it as it has two things number one it has a capsule and number two it has a toxin both of them are responsible for its virulence now I think when we were studying the first part of General microbiology we studied that all capsules are made up of polysaccharides I think that's a very famous thing that we studied all capsules are made up of polysaccharides except bacillus anthrosis that is where it comes across as an exception except bacillus addresses where the capsule is made up of poly peptide other than that all other capsules in the subject with all the bacteria they are made up of polysaccharides what about the toxin the toxin has three parts to it which you call as the EPL so remember many students learn it as the English Premier League so if you wish to learn it that way what is EPL three parts of the toxin so remember EPL have to work together EPL have to work as a combination only then the toxin is going to make its activity so what is EPL e for edema Factor P for protective factor and L for lethal Factor so e for edema Factor edema means how does it cause edema by increasing the cyclic amp it causes edema it makes sure that the bacteria is protected it makes sure that it can cause killing it can cause destruction that is lethal remember edema protective lethal EPL are the three factors now when I come back to the question which of the following is not a virulence Factor so is the capsular variance Factor yes and what is the capsule of bacillus anthrus is made up of it is made up of polypeptide it is that exception so it is a virulence Factor other than that EPL are virulence Factor so e for edema toxin P for protective Toxin and L for lethal toxin basically there is nothing known as a labile Toxin and that was the question that you had now that you've understood everything about anthrosis why don't we study all the other things associated with it how many types of Anthrax are known very easy Once you know this you will be able to answer a lot of questions there are three types of Anthrax that we have the anthrax affecting the skin so I call it cutaneous Anthrax affecting the lungs so I call it pulmonary Anthrax and Anthrax affecting the intestine so we call it intestinal Anthrax simple cutaneous pulmonary intestine so how do these happen how does the bacteria enter our body how does it cause skin and Lung and intestine involvement so for skin remember we call it hide poters disease have you all seen the workers who carry animal skin I'll show you a picture have you seen that whenever the workers carry animal skin they always carry it on their neck on their neck and all their shoulders whether they are carrying a rug as if they're carrying a bag right so whenever we have to carry something we carry it on our neck and our shoulders that is the area so imagine if they are carrying animal skin and this is definitely coming from the animals so if they are carrying the Heights and the skins of the animals on their bare backs so can you say that that is why this is referred to as the height poters disease it is known as height quarters what is height water height is nothing but animal skin and porters Porters are people who carry those heavy things on their back so they are these are the porters they are the people who are carrying animal skin and that is why they have this blackish color lesion and this will be a classical history that blackish color lesion will either be on the neck or the shoulder or the upper back because that is the area where they are carrying all of those animal skins right so please remember cutaneous Anthrax known as the hide POTUS disease coming to the next one pulmonary Anthrax why would someone have pulmonary Anthrax pulmonary means inhaling pulmonary means inhaling right we would inhale it how why would we inhale something people who work in the wool industry so wool has very thin fibers right so these fibers are inhaled wool sorter so all the workers who sought wool who work in the wool industry when they inhale these fibers it reaches the lungs and it causes pulmonary Anthrax it causes pneumonia please remember this is the form of Anthrax which is also an agent of bioterrorism because inhalation definitely comes under bioterrorism lastly if someone has uncooked meat if someone is having consumption of uncooked meat which kind of Anthrax would occur in that case intestinal Anthrax will occur interesting inflammation will occur repeating if they carry the skin of the animals on their back cutaneous Anthrax if they inhale it it is known as pulmonary Anthrax if we eat animal material it is intestinal Anthrax which out of these results in the formation of a malignant pustule or also known as Ester malignant pustule also known as Ester so remember this is a cutaneous finding do you remember I showed you this blackish color lesion on the skin so this blackish color lesion on the skin is known as a malignant pustule or an estuar you will ask me that why are you calling it malignant does it have anything to do with cancer no I'm calling it malignant because look at how it's appearing the appearance is pretty bad it is quite invasive it is quite dirty looking blackish eroded only because of the bad looking appearance I call it a malignant pustule otherwise it has nothing to do with cancer as such okay so the three types of Anthrax are pretty much sorted the cutaneous one the pulmonary one and the intestinal one let's come to the diagnosis when you look at it under the microscope you can very well see that yes these are kind of bacilli they are long they are bacilli and do you see that if for example if this is the organism you will say that in the center you are seeing a whitish area there is a area that is not picking up the stain what is that area that area is nothing but the spores did we just study that bacillus and clostridium are four forming organisms so please remember guys when you are dealing with this either look at the appearance look at the kind of appearance either you can call it the boxcar appearance or you can also call it the bamboo stick appearance because it looks like this like cars box cars either you can call it boxcar appearance or you can call it a bamboo stick appearance and you see it on a Gram stain if you try to grow it on culture media on agar you get a Medusa head what is a Medusa head this you won't get a picture but definitely something that is important to know if you grow it on an agar you get a Medusa head appearance number three if you grow it on gelatin if you tend to put it if you put bacillus anthruses inside gelatin it will give you a very important finding see have a look at it this is a test tube this test tube whatever I filled it with this test tube has been filled with gelatin do you see what has happened to gelatin gelatin is broken over here it is broken a lot over here so I can say gelatin has been liquefied it has been broken whereas the gelatin been liquefied more its maximum at the surface maximum gelatin is broken at the surface and as you are going down the amount of gelatin breakage is decreasing so can I say bacillus anthrosis is acting maximally on the surface and least at the bottom why it is breaking gelatin maximally at the surface and least at the bottom why because oxygen is present at the surface and oxygen is not present at the bottom and is anthrax aerobic yes that is the first thing we study it Anthrax is an aerobic organism it works in oxygen on the surface it's getting oxygen it will break the gelatin on the lower part it's not getting oxygen so it will not break the gelatin and what kind of an appearance do I get out here we get the inverted fur tree appearance it's an opposite opposite tree upside down tree inverted for tree appearance number four what does bacillus anthrosis show us on a penicillin agar p e for penicillin p e for pearls remember on a irregular agar if you guys remember on a regular agar it was showing us Medusa head appearance on a penicillin agar it's showing us a String of Pearls appearance next what is the selective media something that we'll have to mug up the selective media is the plet media and what is the antigen antibody test that we can do which is hardly done nowadays it's more for mcqs the antigen antibody testing is the ascolis thermoprecipitin test so as Coliseum more precipitant test also happens to stand for Anthrax so let's do a recap of all six things number one on gram staining it looks like boxcar or bamboo stick on agar it shows you Medusa head appearance on a penicillin agar it will show us Pearl string of Pearl's appearance on gelatin it shows shows us inverted for tree appearance selective media is flat and as Collies antigen antibody reaction is also for Anthrax now that we've studied everything why don't we start doing a few questions all of the following are properties characteristic of bacillus anthrosis except motility on wet Mount examination Medusa head colonies polydlutamic acid capsule and boxcar appearance all of the following are characteristics so firstly did we see the boxcar appearance yes either you can call it boxcar or you can call it the bamboo stick appearance does it have a poly D glutamic acid capsule Anthrax yes it had a polytoglutamic acid is what it's nothing but protein it's nothing but polypeptide and does it have a polypeptide capsule definitely yes does it show you Medusa head colonies again yes so what does it not show you I have not told you that it's motile it's not at all motile I've not shown you any feature of motility out here so it is a non-motile organism this was the first question let's practice a few more moving on to the next one which of the following is not a cultural characteristic of bacillus anthrosis Medusa had String of Pearls inverted fur tree bamboo stick you say all of these are features of bacillus anservices I asked you which is not a cultural feature of bacillus anthrosis culture so if you see Medusa head is on agar it's on a culture plate String of Pearls is on what kind of culture plate it's on a penicillinagar so that is also a culture characteristic inverted for tree appearances on which agar it's on gelatinagar so that is also a culture characteristic bamboo stick appearance is not on a culture bamboo stick appearance is on gram staining so that is why they had asked you which of these is not a cultural characteristic bamboo stick appearance is a characteristic but not a cultural one it's a Gram stain characteristic moving on to the next question which disease occurs after eating uncooked meat I think it's very very obvious over here because of the bias also with uncooked meat bacillus anseries is in which type you add three types of Anthrax cutaneous pulmonary intestinal so but obvious there's going to be intestinal Anthrax intestinal Anthrax is what is going to be associated with uncomplete okay having said that let's move forward something that we studied probably in the previous session as well the organism responsible for toxicity due to Chinese fried rice the organism responsible for toxicity due to Chinese fried rice is going to be so I told you a mnemonic that Chinese fried rice and serious we are now moving on to the discussion of bacillus serious please remember it's the food poisoning one there have I taught you this earlier where did we study that there are two organisms staph aureus and bacillus serious staph audios also causes food poisoning in less than six hours whereas bacillus serious also causes the same in less than six hours so they are both causes of early food poisoning short incubation food poisoning when I talk about bacillus areas one thing is certain that there is food poisoning that is involved and we keep studying it is to do with Chinese food Chinese fried rice so serious for Chinese but actually this food poisoning is of two types one in which the patient comes to us with vomitings and the second food poisoning is in which the patient comes to us with diarrhea so there are two kinds of food poisoning remember the vomiting one has a Chinese fried rice and a short incubation period it's not the diarrheal one the diarrheal one has a lengthy incubation period of 8 to 16 hours and it is by consumption of probably poultry and vegetables so solid food not just Chinese food remember easier way of learning it emit it so when we eat food the shorter root of the food coming out is vomiting the longer root of the food coming out are the stools so the shorter incubation period is formed with the vomiting type and the longer incubation period is for the diarrheal type so remember when I say that staph aureus and bacillus serious have the same incubation period that is less than six hours I hope you've understood that which kind of Basil is serious am I talking about I'm talking about the Ematic type I'm talking about the imetic type okay so yes that was the question Chinese fried rice basil is serious let's move on to the next the following are true about basil is serious introduced or induced diarrhea except so first and foremost they're talking about bacillus series and which type of it they're talking about the diarrheal type of it okay and which of the following are true except so is it transmitted by parenteral root incubation period is longer it is caused by enterotoxins it is usually associated with fried rice or Chinese food which is reheated so please remember I know that when I'm talking about bacillus Series be it the Ematic type or be at the diaryal type see for example Chinese food can go in both right because ammetic type is also Chinese food and diarrheal type is because of meat and veggies meat and veggies also ultimately goes in Chinese food only so both of them are caused by Chinese food so is it associated with fried rice or Chinese food which is reheated definitely yes if it is causing food poisoning it has to have a toxin which is going to be enterotoxin involving the intestine so that is also true for the diarrheal type is the incubation period longer yes if you remember correctly for the imetic type it is less than six hours whereas for diarrheal type it is approximately 8 to 16 hours so definitely for the diarrheal type it's longer can it be transmitted by parenteral root means by a blood or needles no obviously that is not sounding right when it's causing food poisoning it's not something that will go by a blood or get transmitted by a needles it's definitely going to be eating so it's going to be definitely a form of eating or oral consumption if you want to know that what is the selective media you don't have to know the full forms that's the good news I've only got you the full form because somewhere for your knowledge you can know but mypa and Pemba remember when we are talking about the lab diagnosis of bacillus series three words should remain in your mind firstly it is motile it can move around that is how it's causing diarrhea also vomiting also it's moving around and the two selective media are mypa and Pemba as I said knowing the full form is not important if you wish to know it's on the screen in front of you but again not important my Pemba mobile these three motile these three words come to you bacillus series done I hope that's okay with everyone and we can move on forward if you remember all the organisms under bacillus that I was talking about be it Anthrax or serious or all the others that we've spoken earlier they are all aerobic they need oxygen whereas the ones that come under clostridium are anaerobic and that is exactly what I'm starting with next all that Commander clostridia are anaerobes so this means they do not need oxygen they do not need oxygen so what is the classification I know right now as I said you know sometimes we see some tables in microbiology or even other subjects like a biochemistry or a pharmacology and it's kind of overwhelming because it gives you too much of information in a text manner whenever you come across anything like that the best way is to segregate it into shorter tables make your mnemonics visual memory image based mnemonics and that's the only way of cracking such things so let's try and decode this table also what have they written about clostridium they have said that what all do you know do you know clostridium is a Spore forming organism yes we know that clostridium will make spores where are the spores present let me show you a picture of spores can you see that this is an organism and then there's a round Spore over here so similarly this is a bacteria then there is a round Spore over here so basically they ask you the location of the sport look at these four pictures they will tell you the location where do you think is the Spore located over here you'll say right at the tip right at the tip over here also right at the tip so can I say in these two the sport is terminal in location the Spore is terminal okay where is the sport over here you'll see exactly in the center so one more is that the Spore can be Central next you will say ma'am here also it's at the end but not exactly at the tip a little aware from the tip so can I say this is subterminal what are the three locations guys either right at the tip terminal sport right in the center Central sport a little away from the tip and that is what you'll call as a sub terminals pole remember the most common out of these are going to be sub terminal the most common of all so if you say for example clostridium perfringence anything or the most common sport that you can have is subterminal but for clostridium Techni and clostridium tercium they have te in them for clostridium Techni and clostridium tertium we have t e and t e for terminal very simple tetani and tertium have terminal spores then you'll come back and you you will say that fine this is also terminal and this is also terminal what's the difference so I'll say that one of them I am very confident that this one is clostridium tet9 and this one is clostridium tertium you see my both of them are terminal how did you get to know because please remember when you are writing tertium you come across t e r tertium gives us a tennis racket appearance tertium gives us a tennis racket appearance ter for tertium tennis racket so tennis racket will always look something like this a little long spoon like a badminton racket or a tennis racket whereas when you're talking about clostridium Techni this is going to be a drumstick appearance has everyone seen drumsticks drumsticks are round if you look at the organism the sport will be round like this like a drumstick so remember when you see a round Spore at the terminal it's drumstick like Tech N9 and when you see this oval Spore at the terminal that is tertium tennis racket appearance what is common to them te for terminal t e for terminal but I hope you remember ter is the tennis racket appearance coming to the next when is the Spore in the center means when is the Spore right in the center whenever I put anything in the center I'm dividing the organism into two parts by I'm creating a bifid remember buy fermented has a central sport so let's do a recap guys all the spores in all the organisms are usually subterminal but in clostridium Techni and in clostridium tercium the spores are going to be terminal and terminal whereas in bi-fermentance dividing it into buy by feed the Spore is Central in location I hope the first part of the table is done because now we move on to the next part clostridium species are unencapsulated and they are motile what did I learn clostridium is not going to have a capsule and is no inhibition it has no capsule and it's going to move around everywhere it has no capsule and it's going to move around everywhere except exceptions are asked so what do I want to tell you uh when you were when you started off your journey meet ug days get back to Nate ug days get back to 11th and 12th class get back to those days where what were your subjects physics chemistry and biology physics chemistry and biology for which exam did you take a PCB as your subjects you took it up for an exam called pre-medical Entrance Test PMT so that's your mnemonic you took PCB for PMT right so what is that what am I trying to say all the clostridia are unencapsulated but which are the ones which are capsulated which are the ones which have a capsule present in it you will say clostridium P for perforing James and clostridium B for butyricum so remember PCB tells you clostridium perforing Gins and clostridium butyricum they are capsulated rest all of them are unencapsulated coming to the next I told you all of them are motile all of them can move here and there but PMT which are the ones which are non-motile which don't have motility again P for clostridium perfringence and T for clostridium tetnae type 6 repeating perfringence and Techni type 6 are non-motile so I would want to do a very very quick recap the two mnemonics that I have with me are p c d and why did we take PCB because what did we want to crack we wanted to crack so for crack I'll write this we wanted to kill the exam PMT so I took PCB because I wanted to kill PMT but then there were some of us who were related overconfident in life and I would include myself also in those set of students who apart from PCB also took maths while also took mathematics who took math because they thought that why not even IIT or why not keeping all my options open or why not getting a better score and all of us know that if we were inclined towards PCB then our math was horrible and I really don't know why all of us were so over ambitious and still took it up and also just in case you were one of those please type it and let me know so that I know that I was not the only foolish person who decided to do that when I knew that my aptitude was for PCB and then I burdened myself with mathematics only to keep my options open so in case you're also of the same you've been through the same let me know anyway so we took PCB and we wanted to kill PMT so let's see all the clostridia species are unencapsulated but which is the one which is going to have a capsule capsule is going to be present in clostridium perfringence and clostridium butyricum okay next which of them did not or which of them or all of them motile definitely all of them are motile but which are the ones which are going to be non-motile the non-motile ones are again going to be clostridium perfringence and clostridium technide type six that's the final summary so I hope all of you are okay with the final summary and we can probably attempt a question which clostridium species is capsulated as soon as you get this remember capsulated PCB capsulated which all perforingence yes capsulated butyricum yes capsulated so what is the correct answer the correct answer is both A and B are capsulated so I hope finally these three tables are making sense the spores the capsule the motility because now we can move on to the next gas gangrene is caused by all except this was a previous year question in the fmg exam gas gangrene is caused by all except so the answer is I think even if you don't know gas gangrene but you know for a fact that tetani will cause tetanus tetna will obviously cause tetanus and not gas gangrene so definitely gas gangrene is caused by all the others so let us start with this what all am I talking about gas gangrene most commonly in 60 of the cases is clostridium per fringes remember in the earlier days clostridium perforingens was also known as clostridium well child clostridium wellchia and clostridium perforingence is the same it causes gas gangrene what do I mean by that gangrene means something is going to die which means the muscle is going to die there is myone necrosis that is going to happen there is myone necrosis that is going to happen so gas gangrene which is going to be seen in 60 of the cases by clostridium per fringes other than that septicum and Novi septicum and clostridium Novi they also cause gas gangrene repeating we have perforingence then we have septicum and then we have Novi all of these all of these are responsible for gas gangrene out of these obviously the question that you'll get will be maximally on performance so let me come back to the question again like I said what all causes gas gangrene it causes its caused by perforing genes it is caused by septicum and it is caused by no Viper engine septicum Novi so tetanus does not cause it out of these they will definitely ask you a question on the lab diagnosis of clostridium per fringins and I can see a lot of things written in front of me and yes that is exactly what is important so one by one we are going to come down to everything about clostridium perfringence rather than seeing it like this I would show you one by one as separate photos I think that will be a better thing to do right so first and foremost whenever I talk about clostridium and it reminds me of claustrophobic clostridium claustrophobic the thing that comes to your mind is anaerobic it does not need oxygen and anything that does not need oxygen will be grown in an anaerobic culture media what is the anaerobic culture media where there is no oxygen present so anaerobic culture media is rcmb Robertson's cooked meat broth rcmb that is Robertson's cooked meat broth that is not having oxygen that is for all the anaerobic organisms Point number one point number two it shows us I'm going to now tell you a many many fancy names it's going to show us Target hemolysis what is Target hemolysis have a look at this target so all of you have played that dart board game of course you have I'm sure the archery and the dartboard game so you know for a fact that there's a bullseye that you always have to hit I still have one of these in my room because I think it's a game which um you know my childhood went away but this did not and this is still a very famous Pastime for me and I think many of you also so now we have magnetic ones as well and many others which is a different discussion that we'll have some other time but yes I'm sure everyone's seen a dart board and you've seen those Bullseye archery boards so they have a lot of lines around it so that you can hit in different zones right similarly the kind of blood breakage that is caused by clostridium perfringes is Target hemolysis which basically tells you that you can see one clearing here and another clearing around it similarly one clearing here and another clearing around it so there's a double zone of hemolysis also known as the target hemolysis which you see with clostridium perfringes that is the next Point coming to the third one negler's reaction is positive what is negler's reaction let's have a look at this picture out here we call it a negle plate what is a regular plate it's basically a culture plate which is going to have egg yolk in it it's basically a culture plate which is going to have egg yolk in it why have we added why is this whitish because of egg yolk egg yolk is something which is very very rich in lecithin egg yolk is extremely rich in lecithin so basically there's a lot of lesser thin out here and from the patient from the patient I have added clostridium perforing Gins I have added clostridium perfringence can you see what has happened all the area around clostridium performance engines has become white why because please remember clostridium perfringence has something called Alpha Toxin and do you know what is Alpha toxin Alpha toxin is less thanase Alpha toxin is lessithinase right so please remember lecithinase will go and break the lecithin lecithinase will go and break the lecithin and that is why you get an opaque appearance over here so that is the neglers reaction repeating negler's reaction is due to which toxin of clostridium perfringens it is because of the alpha Toxin and what is the other name for Alpha toxin Alpha toxin is also known as lecithinase coming to the next one and that's the reverse Camp test positive before I start off with this I hope everyone remembers from our basic introduction in the previous session that there was something known as a camp test and Camp test was for an organism known as streptococcus agility it was for an organism called streptococcus agility now I'm saying reverse stamp test which is for clostridium perfringes and now this is known as reverse scan test so what do I know under reverse Camp test vertically I have put clostridium perforingens horizontally I have put streptococcus agilecty so please remember always now I'll tell you the difference we'll draw two images so that we know the difference between a camp test and we know the difference between a reverse campus these two is what we have want to know so what is Camp test versus reverse Camp test remember in both of them and I am repeating this again in both of them the vertical line and a horizontal line will be there there'll be a vertical line and there will be a horizontal line the horizontal line will always be of streptococcus again the word but the horizontal line will always be of streptococcus a galacty it's the vertical line that will vary if the vertical line is staphylococcus aureus means this means you are dealing with a case of or you are performing a case of cam testing you are trying to go in for Camp testing on the other hand if the vertical line has something known as clostridium perfringence then you've done a reverse methodology and gone in for reverse Camp test so basically you realized that the horizontal line is always going to be a galactic agilecty is always going to be horizontal the vertical line in Camp test is to philococcus audios whereas in Reverse Camp test the vertical line is clostridium perfumes and over here the vertical line was clostridium per fringing so this happens to be the reverse gank test coming to the last one it shows a stormy fermentation with litmus milk although no one will ask you this picture but can you see that there is a litmus male can there is some stormy bubbliness that you see at the top like I said no one's going to ask you this but with litmus milk test stormy clot reaction is noted let's do a recap we have to grow it in Robertson's cooked meat broth Target hemolysis is seen negler's reaction is going to be positive reverse cam test is noted and the stormy fermentation with litmus milk is what we see out here so I hope that's okay clostridium perfringes all fancy names coming up your way okay let's move on to the next one maybe you can answer this question now neglers reaction is predominantly associated with which toxin of clostridium perforingens negler's reaction is predominantly associated with so if you remember negler's reaction was the one that was utilizing egg yolk and if I have egg yolk how will I break a cube so you had studied that egg yolk has lecithin and if you want to break egg yolk you will have to use lessithinase now which of these was lecithinase Alpha toxin of clostridium perfringence was lecithinase do I have any of these two in the options yes I have lecithinase in the options and that becomes my answer let's move on to the next question which of the the following is incorrect about the toxin leading to the disease below which of the following is incorrect about the toxin leading to the disease below so this is the disease that has been shown first we'll identify this it looks as if the my the man is smiling this condition is known as Rice's sardonicus this condition is referred to as Rices sardonicus which basically means that the it looks as if the patient actually smiling well definitely not this is a classical case of tetanus and obviously once if a patient has tetanus is definitely not smiling but why does it look like as if he's smiling because all the facial muscles all the muscles are basically contracted so there's a contraction there's a spasm that has occurred this results in spasm of the muscles and once all the muscles will undergo spasm all the muscles of the face the undergo spasm it looks as if the patient is grinning or smiling that is known as Rises are done like this so if I want to answer this set of questions I will need a little bit of theory base for myself when I'm dealing with clostridium Techni it has two toxins which are responsible for everything it has two toxins which are responsible number one is known as technolizin and the other is known as technospasmid repeating techno lysine tetanospasmin if I say that ultimately there has to be spasm of the muscles the muscles have to contract there's going to be a muscle spasm which of them would ideally be the one that will cause it you will say Obviously the spasmin one will have the main rule the main role in causing the muscle spasm is going to be technospasmin and how does it act at which level does it act it at a neuromuscular Junction at which level does it act it acts pre-synaptically does this remind you of some very famous question that you get in forensic where there's another poisoning that also causes the same kind of muscle spasms but that doesn't act pre-synaptically that acts postsynaptically I hope you all remember the strickening poisoning strickening poisoning which is again definitely a question that you can you know anytime get in the exam strickening poisoning is something that they will tell you for postsynaptic attack so that is going to cause postsynaptic effect and then it is going to cause spasm of the muscles so please remember for tetanus it is pre-synaptically tetanus is going to be pre-synaptically and who is the main one causing it technospasmin is causing it so how do I differentiate between techno lysine and tecnospasmin because both of them are heat labile both of them are heat labile but their oxygen Affinity varies remember techno lies in ol versus State no spasmin so techno lysine is oxygen labile and technospasmin is oxygen repeating technolizing is oxygen labile and tecnospasmin is oxygen stable let's come back and let's uh start reading it which of the following is incorrect are both of them heat labile definitely true okay is it oxygen stable so the toxin which is leading to spasm I am talking about technospasmin I'm talking about techno spasmin means is it oxygen stable yes it is oxygen stable does it act postsynaptically think again that is the false statement I just told you that when we are dealing with a case of tetanus it does not act cosynaptically it acts pre-synaptically and what does it do it definitely I think everyone knows this much of physiology that it inhibits the release of Gaba it inhibits the release of Gaba and it acts pre-synaptically that is why there is a spasm of the muscles that is created well okay having said that I suppose we can move forward and go on to the next set of questions botulism botulism causes what descending flaccid paralysis descending paralysis ascending paralysis or ascending paralysis I think in terms of the answers botulinum or botulism causes descending flaccid paralysis and which organism am I talking about over here I'm talking about clostridium botulinum in fact I think it's a very very obvious kind of a question that when someone asks you that for botulinum what is a toxin that you have to know the toxin is the botulinum toxin and in fact guys if you've read a little bit of the past literature you would know that the most toxic substance which is the most lethal to mankind the most lethal and the toxic substance to mankind is clostridium botulinum or this botulinum toxin and what does it cause it causes food poisoning it causes food poisoning number one it causes paralysis number two repeating what does clostridium botulinum cause number one it causes food poisoning number two it causes flaccid paralysis so remember F and F clostridium botulinum causes flaccid paralysis and food poisoning obviously if it causes food poisoning what kind of a toxin does it have intestine food poisoning enterotoxin and what kind of food does it grow on it tends to survive in canned food and all the students who are living in foreign countries and who consume a lot of these canned foods and hostels always remember that there is uh you know that's the reason we check for the expiry date and even if it is within the period of consumption even if it has not reached the expiry date but you must have said you must have seen that they've always written on the can that if the can appears damaged or if the can appears very swollen or if it you know become rounded and there's some gas kind of production or they say if you see any bubbles on the food you should not consume it primarily why because clostridium botulinum tends to grow on canned food so whenever you open a canned item even if it's not reached the expiry date but the can is looking very swollen or if you see bubbles on the surface of the food as soon as you open it do not consume that okay so enterotoxin on the canned food causes food poisoning similarly it causes flaccid paralysis and obviously if it causes paralysis which toxin is it neurotoxin so finally what are the two toxins of clostridium of clostridium botulinum one of them is going to be neurotoxin one of them is going to be enterotoxin the entero one will cause food poisoning and the neuro one will cause flaccid paralysis and that is the answer to the question it causes descending flaccid paralysis so can I say in other words that tetanus was something that was causing paralysis it was causing and botulinum is something that is going to cause food poisoning and flaccid paralysis fnf well having done that let's move on to the next question hospitalized patient developed severe watery diarrhea and dehydration following a long-term course of antibiotics the histopathological image is shown below and which of the following toxins are responsible for the production of this condition so firstly you have a case of diarrhea so this means intestine is involved so much of diarrhea has happened that obviously patient has become dehydrated and this is a very important history given next this has happened after a very long term course of antibiotics remember after long term usage of not just cephalosporins not just third generation cephalosporins but any kind of antibiotics after a long term usage of antibiotics what is the patient at a risk of patient is at a risk of clostridium difficile infection leading to pmec pseudo membranous enterocolitis remember leading to pmec by clostridium difficile so they will always give you a long-term usage of antibiotics or cephalosporins that is why the patient will have clostridium difficile infection that is when the patient will have pseudom membranous and Terror colitis how does pseudomembranous enterocolitis happen first and foremost the question this happens because of two toxins called toxin a and toxin B so remember Clostridium difficile has two toxins it has something called toxin a and it has toxin B and these are the ones responsible for this condition further how does the patient present the patient is going to present with severe watery diarrhea why is the patient going to present with severe kind of watery diarrhea because let's see what has happened to the intestine this is an intestine normally you'll always draw the intestine like this closed what have I done over here instead of it being closed I've opened it this is the open version of the intestine and all of you can appreciate that there is a definitive membrane dirty dirty yellowish necrotic membrane that is present on the mucosal aspect that's the next question that you get it is present on the mucosal aspects so a necrotic membrane on the mucosal aspect that is what you know for Clostridium difficile and when you look at it under the microscope you will say that there's a lava that has erupted everyone's seen a volcano we all know that in a volcano a lot of lava is going to come out so from the intestine this dirty lava material is coming out we call it a volcano like eruption so if you see a dirty membrane on the mucosa and you see a volcano like eruption like you saw over here they gave you the characteristic volcano lava eruption you're dealing with a case of clostridium difficile and toxin A and B are responsible for these okay so um coming to the next question Clostridium difficile still on the same bacteria can be spread through all except Clostridium difficile can be spread through all except orophical root direct hand to hand or needles think logically this is basically a kind of diarrhea intestine involvement it's a kind of diarrhea it's a kind of an intestine involvement so if I think logically how do things reach the intestine definitely by hand-to-hand contact Direct contact Oro fecal contact reaching the intestine via needles that is sounding a little weird and that is what by Common Sense you had to rule out that clostridium difficile is not something that is going to spread via the parenteral root it is not something that is going to go via the needles and that is why this is the wrong statement over here finally if you say you want to do the diagnosis what is the media again two names that you learn but you don't need to know the full forms per se ccfa ccya so remember for Clostridium difficile Clostridium difficile cell has a characteristic unit it has a C Sound and it has an F sound so remember that when you're talking about difficile we'll write it in that manner when you're talking about difficile we have to talk about c c f a c c y a so difficile has ccfa and c c y a if you want to know their full forms in front of you most welcome to learn but not required ccfa ccya these are the two that you have so let's do a recap of clostridium difficile number one this is always happening after a long term use of cephalosporins how does it reach it reaches by direct contact or Oro fecal root or hand-to-hand contact Never by needles this organism has two toxins toxin a and toxin B what do they cause they cause watery diarrhea in the patient if I want to look at it under the microscope I will see there is a pseudo membrane there is a dirty membrane that is formed on the mucosal aspect microscopically we see a volcano lava like eruption and in terms of the media we see that there is ccfa ccya media that are used well I guess we've done all the clostridia why don't we take up a few of the previous that will be good all of the following organisms cause gas gangrene except so quick test these are pyqs of the fmg exam all of the following organisms cause gas gangrene except so we have studied for gas gangrene clostridium perfringence clostridium septicum clostridium Novi Novi is not here well chai and perfringence is the same thing so which of them does not cause gas gangrene clostridium difficile clostridium difficile causes pseudomembranous enterocolitis next question necrotizing enteritis the very very very important question necrotizing enteritis so first and foremost septicum we've not studied only because it's not at all important enteritis when I say enteritis difficile is sounding radialism it causes pseudo membraneous enterocolitis but they've not written pseudomembranous enterocolitis they've written necrotizing enterocolitis so not difficile also Techni I know causes tetanus that smiling face that tetanus Rises sardonicus actually please remember necrotizing enteritis can be caused by clostridium perfringines and that is what that is exactly what I want to add on to your knowledge that clostridium perfringence or clostridium tetanine not only causes necrosis of the muscle but it can also cause necrosis in the intestine basically it can also cause necrotizing enteritis that is something that I hope you guys will definitely remember so answer for clostridium per fringes moving on to the next question three-year-old boy fell down and injured his leg while he was playing on the ground after a few days there are competitions spelled from the injured area what could be the probable causative organism karani bacterium diphtheria pseudomonas urogenosa clostridium tetani or clostridium well Chi so please remember a three-year-old boy has fallen down as soon as I see the history of an injury and a fall I always start thinking of tech nine right now I think of tetna but when I saw later after a few days there are repetitions felt from the injured area now that is something I don't see with tetana when do we seek repetitions what are repetitions all of those these are we consider them as signs of getting old do you sometimes move your fingers or move your neck or your back or your knee or some joint and you get that click kind of a sound there's a click sound that comes maybe from your fingers or your neck or when you're sitting for too long and then you stand up from your back and your knee that those click kind of sounds are known as repetitions but in this three-year-old young boy there are competitions which are coming from those injured area that is because gas production has happened over here crepitations are an indication of gas and over here after injury they are talking about gas gangrene so when they're talking about gas gangrene the organism that comes to my mind is either clostridium well Chi or it is going to be clostridium per fringes okay so yes having said this I think we can move on to the last question of this family drumstick appearance drumstick think think think karani bacterium diphtheria clostridium tetanine nicerium meningitis and streptococcus pneumonia and by now we've done all so we are going to discuss all when we talk about the drumstick appearance remember the answer to this question clostridium tetani because what kind of a Spore does it have te it has a terminal score so clostridium tetnae okay in the previous crash course I had taught you karani bacterium diphtheria has what kind of an appearance it has a very classical Chinese uniform appearance it has a Chinese letter or cuneiform appearance what about Nigeria meningitis the way you write M the way you write M we had said that we may call it lanciolet we'll call it Landslide so close or nicerium meningitis is lanciolet and streptococcus pneumonia also this is also going to be a diplococcus with a capsule this is also going to present in a similar manner so over here drumstick appearance clostridium deadline well having said that we do wrap up the Spore forming organisms and we can definitely move on to the next family and that is enterobacteracia family when we are talking about enterobacteracia family we have certain I know for a fact that they are all gram-negative we are dealing with all gram-negative organisms but there's a certain kind of you know a general rule that we follow for the enterobacteracia family so please remember when we are dealing before I start with questions when we are dealing with enterobacteracia family remember all of them are going to be motile but Ella Ella are not motile all of them are motile but shigella and klebsiella these are Immortal they are non-motile repeating all are motile but Ella Ella they are Immortal shigella klebsiella all of them are catalase positive oxidase negative so all the organisms under this they are catalase positive when oxidase negative but shigella Ella remember shigella decentrate type one shigella de Century type one is catalase negative repeating all our cataly is positive but shigella Ella it is cattle is negative so last time repetition all are motile but shigella and klebsiella are Immortal all are cattle is positive but shigella dysentery type 1 is catalase negative so if I ask you this question which of the following is a non-motile bacteria maybe you've not read all or maybe you have so if I ask you is uh something that we studied so you'll say yes we studied l i l r in motile klebsiella shigella they are Immortal so the answer over here is very obvious and this was a p by Q in the fmg exam shigella and klebsiella Ella Ella are Immortal coming to the next one catalase negative organism of the enterobacteracia family all of them are catalase positive except one organism and that was shigella decentrate type one shigella dysentery type 1 is said to be a catalase negative organism so I think the basic is pretty much clear and we can move forward with the classification how do we identify this entire enterobacteracia family this enterobacteracia family is identified as lactose fermenter non-lactose fermenter and late lactose ferment are very simple either they ferment lactose or they don't ferment lactose or they ferment lactose slowly slowly and after a while so late lactose fermentation LF NLF llf that is how we learn it lactose ferment non-lactose fermenter late lactose fermenter remember the only two lactose commenters that you have over here are E coli and klebsiella E coli and klebsiella are lactose fermenters all the others salmonella shigella Proteus your senior everything else of this family then automatically becomes a non-lactose fermenter so if you remember coli and klebsiella cola and klebsiella coli and klebsiella ferment karenge that is how we've learned it colicles everyone else is not going to ferment lactose and then we have shigella Soni shigella Soni Soni Soni means keep sleeping wakes up very very late probably just one of us shigella Sony keeps on sleeping wakes up very very late so that is a late lactose fermenter let's repeat klebsiella and coli Curry ferment they will be fermenters everything else salmonella shigella proteas yoursinia all shigellas all others they're non-lactose fermenter except shigella Sony because it keeps sleeping wakes up late that is a late lactose fermenter so how did we identify on what uh you know what is the a way of identifying lactose fermentation what are the two media that we use for lactose fermentation number one we have something known as a mechanical yoga number one media that we have is a Mekong Ki agar and the number two media that we have is the lead media what are they telling you in both of them we find out lactose fermentation versus non-lactose fermentation in cleared media also we find out lactose fermentation versus non-lactose fermentation but the colors are different over here for lactose fermentation in Mekong Ki agar you get a pink color whereas when we are talking about clad media for lactose fermentation over here there is a yellow color there is a yellow color that is obtained so repeating that when we are dealing with meconkey agar lactose fermentation pink color when we are dealing with clad media the lactose fermentation is going to give you a yellow color so you can see all this yellow color here lactose fermentation so the next question will be that color change is happening color change is happening which means there's going to be a medium there's going to be an indicator what is the indicator for meconkey again so firstly what all does contain it contains plant what is plant P for peptone Alpha lactose a for agar n for neutral red T photorocolate let's repeat P for peptone and agar every medium has pepton and agar L for lactose obviously because you want to find out whether lactose is fermented or Not N for neutral red because that is the indicator that will change the color that will change it to pink or yellow that's the indicator and T for torokolate because bile salts are needed similarly in clad so if I ask you that what is the indicator what is the color indicator that you have for macconkey agar and what is the color indicator that you have for cleared so remember for meconkey agar the color indicator that you will tell me will be neutral red whereas for cleared can you see it's all bluish in color because the indicator is bromo thymol blue the indicator is bromothymol blue these are exactly two questions that I have what is the indicator used in meconkey agar and what is the indicator used in clade and I think now you can tell me what was the indicator in my concierge was something by the mnemonic plant right so n for neutral red n for neutral red and for cleared the blue color one so for clear it is bromothymol blue I hope these two py cues will also be clear for all of you now there's no problem in solving them so McConkey also tells me lactose fermentation by a pink color clad also tells me lactose fermentation by a yellow color but what is better if I ask you McConkey is better Auckland is better and as for the latest guidelines remember clad is better than macconkey clad is going to be better than macconkey so now my question to you is why is Clay better clad is better and now my question is why so so when am I using if I broadly ask you what are all these organisms causing E coli using them E coli very famously causes urinary tract infection klebsiella can also cause urinary tract infection Proteus can also cause urinary tract infections so basically these are all media that you will use when you're dealing with a patient of UTI so UTI can be caused by gram-negative organisms like all these you studied E coli ecclesiella Proteus so you'll see all gram negatives so will gram negatives grow on McConkey will they grow on clad yes they will grow on both so why is Clay better because sometimes UTI can also be caused by gram-positive organisms like staphylococcus aureus can also cause UTI like candida can also cause UTI now the problem is that meconkey doesn't grow them McConkey only gives importance to gram negative organisms it gives more importance to gram negative organisms cleared on the other hand clad is going to be giving importance to everyone it will allow the gram negative and the gram positive organisms to grow it will allow gram negative and the gram-positive organisms to grow so can I say McConkey is very very inhibitory it is not letting the gram it's not letting the positivity come out only it's not letting the gram positive organisms grow but clad is less inhibitory clad remember why did I highlight these two alphabets clad is less inhibitory it allows everyone to flourish it allows everyone to grow and I'll show you two questions of the previous year of aims and neat very important both of them are the same questions only the language was different let's read clayt medium is considered better than meconkey agar for what reason you know your reason what does it allow you'll say First Option uh it differentiates lactose fermenters from non-lactose fermented both of them do that also differentiates meconkey also different shapes but what is why is flat better it allows everyone to grow it allows both gram positive and gram-negative organisms to grow means it allows staff and candida what are they staff is gram positive candidates gram positive and Clyde is better because it allows everyone to grow it is less inhibitory it is less inhibitory it allows every everyone to grow next question clad medium is considered better than macconkey for the following reason what is the reason it will allow everyone to grow so let's read it supports dram positive and gram negative yes I found the reason in the first option only it definitely supports everyone it supports gram positive as well as gram negative organisms so remember what is better clad over clad over my Conkey okay having said that coming back on the basis of this what are the two lactose fermenters ferment so you'll say ma'am this means that if I try to grow them on a macconkey agar means E coli will also give me a pink color because it is lactose fermenter any lactose fermenter E coli will also give me a pink color klebziella will also give me a pink color how do I differentiate so for example you get a pink color over here how will you tell me that whether this is E coli or whether this is klebsiella problem both of them will give a pink color because please remember klebsiella not only gives a pink color but also gives something called can you see it's looking very shiny and mucoid it's pink okay so on the basis of pink use pain could be E coli also it could be clabsical also but klebsiella is having a capsule klebsiella is a capsulated organism and anything that's capsulated always gives these shiny mucoid colonies anything that's capsulated will always give shiny mucoid Colony so E coli doesn't have a capsule E coli doesn't have a capsule klebsiella has a capsule remember klebsiella has a capsule and that is why it's going to give these kind of shiny mucoid colonies and mucoid mucoid means if you try to pick it up it will stretch if I try to pick it up it's going to stretch like this it's going to be stringy stringy like this so please remember when you are getting mucoid and stringy colonies that is indicative that the organism has a capsule and over here out of E coli and klebsiella the best answer for a capsule is going to be klebsiella I hope the differences are sorted coming back I've understood how klebsiella is going to not only give me a pink color but also a mucoid colony now coming back to E coli before I push you into lots of questions what all does E coli cause guys I hope you remember E coli two main things E coli can cause a lot of things but the two main things that it causes are UTI and diarrhea these are the questions UTI and diarrhea these are the ones that they're going to ask you in the exam so first and foremost let's talk about UTI UTI urinary tract infection what sample will you take from the patient and when you are suspecting urinary tract infection Common Sense will take a urine sample from the patient what kind of a urine sample we have to take a clean catch means the patient will be instructed to clean the genitalia beforehand Clean Catch early morning preferably early morning mid-stream urine sample So Clean Catch early morning Midstream what do I mean by Midstream you will have to instruct the patient that when you go to pass urine early morning divide the stream of urine into three parts so first pass 1020 mL of urine don't collect that then collect the next 10 20 ml of urine and after that again throw away the remaining 1020 ml so you don't collect the first part of urine you don't collect the last part of urine you are only interested in the Midstream sample that sample is what you collect and what is the culture that you'll grow it on which is better McConkey or clad we've studied cloud is better clad is being used nowadays so you'll find out whether there's E coli whether there's klebsiella you'll find out what is the criteria for diagnosis of UTI for the diagnosis of UTI we use something known as the cash criteria what is Cash criteria cast criteria says that you will give a diagnosis of UTI when the bacteria are more than 10 to the power five one two three four five when the bacteria are more than 10 to the power 5 that is when you are going to give a diagnosis means one lakh Colony forming units per ml when there is more than 10 to the power 5 why have this criteria been kept why not 10 to the power 4 or 10 to the power 3 2 1 because our bacteria only present in case of UTI no are bacteria normally also present don't we have bacteria in the urinary tract which act as commences so maybe there is E coli as a commensal 10 to the power 2 are seen will you give it as a case of UTI no if you want to call it a disease if you want to call it pathogenic and disease you must cross 10 to the power 5 Colony forming units c f u however there are some exceptions to the cash criteria when do we consider a count less than 10 to the power 5 also significant remember you will consider it significant in case of a spa what is a spa s means suprapubic aspiration means what has the urine come out via the normal root has it come out via the urethra via the urinary tract node you have directly punctured the bladder and taken the urine you have directly punctured the bladder Supra pubic aspiration are you going to uh so if urine would have come from the direct root and urine would have come through the urethra then the commences would have been there then you would have had to wait for the 10 to the power 5 cut off to call it pathogenic but when you've directly taken the sample from the bladder then the commensals are not there then even one or two bacteria are significant then even a 10 to the power 2 10 to the power 3 is going to be significant so in case of suprapubic aspiration don't consider this cut off next in gram positive organisms in gram positive organisms like staff and candida they are not commensals of the urinary tract they are not commences so even if they have a count of 10 to the power 2 3 you consider them as significant similarly a for antibiotics and diuretics many a times in our country patients will say that you know from a local chemist I took some antibiotics then I have come to you for the sample I've been taking antibiotics since five days after that I'm feeling that I'm not showing much of improvement so now I've come to you to give my urine sample so antibiotic will anyway decrease the bacterial load so you won't wait for 10 to the power 5 below that also you will give the diagnosis same way patient says diuretic if the patient is a diuretic this means the urine is already diluted the urine is coming to you as a diluted sample then again you don't wait for 10 to the power 5 cut off so repeating what is the significance of finally what is going to be the mnemonic for the cash criteria exceptions firstly cast criteria says that you call significant UTI over 10 to the power 5 however if we have suprapubic aspiration gram-positive organisms like staph aureus and candida or any antibiotic diuretic therapy we don't follow the cash criteria this is when E coli causes UTI what about E coli causing diarrhea now that is going to be very very tough obviously if I've said it's very very tough means I'm trying to just scare you because it's very very tough in the textbooks means we are going to simplify it so first let's simplify it and then we'll move ahead with lots of questions right these are all the diarrhea strains that you have for E coli all the diarrhea strings and can you see what is the difference e-p-e-c so p alphabet then changes to T So e t e c changes to i e i e c h e h e c and eaec remember these are all the different strains of E coli that can cause diarrhea what do I have to know so e will always stand for entero okay so it's going to be entero something E coli for example I say entero something E coli entero something E coli entero something E coli so over here entero pathogenic E coli what does enteropathogenic E coli cause enteropathogenic E coli causes P for pathogenic P for Pediatric P for pathogenic P for Pediatric it causes infantile diarrhea enteropathogenic E coli causes P for pathogenic P for Pediatric infantile diarrhea etec enterotoxygenic E coli t for toxogenic tea for travelers diarrhea easy to learn enterotoxygenic E coli causes traveler's diarrhea something that is going in the cells it's not going only till the intestine it's going inside the intestine inside the cells anything that will invade will cause blood blood to come out blood in the stools what is that condition known as blood in the stools is known as dysentery so because it is invading it causes bleeding in this tools that is dysentery entero hemorrhagic E coli so it will cause some bleeding it will cause cause some Hemorrhage and it causes hu s what is hus for those who are unaware Huf stands for hemolytic uremic syndrome hus stands for hemolytic uremic syndrome hemolytic means blood is going to break blood is going to break uremic means kidney is going to get affected kidney is going to get affected for those who don't know please remember that this hemolytic uremic syndrome has a very classical Triad it has a very very classical Triad that you have to follow in the exam and what is that Triad we call it the rat Triad we call it the rad Triad means when you're dealing with hemolytic uremic syndrome R stands for renal insufficiency there is kidney involvement that occurs a stands for anemia because I think you know hemolytic uremic so which kind of anemia hemolytic anemia and also there is something that is known as thrombocytopenia that is also known as thrombocytopenia there is also thrombus formation that occurs clot formation occurs thrombocytopenia can occur so remember rat renal insufficiency anemia and thrombus and thrombocytopenia hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by hemolytic so hemorrhagic E coli enterohemergic E coli the only one for which you have to learn the strain what strain of ehec causes hemolytic uremic syndrome o157 H7 o157 H7 causes hemolytic urine syndrome enterohemagically coli lastly entero aggregative E coli now guys what kind of diarrhea persistent diarrhea how do I learn that entero aggregative you and I we are together in this crash course microbiology crash course we really don't like the subject let's be very very honest about it because the subject has a lot of cramming up and too much of mugging up so we don't like it we keep forgetting it it's volatile so what have we decided we've decided we'll do a crash course all of us will sit down together when all of us sit down together United United We Stand we mean we are going to make a persistent impact if we decide cumulatively if we decide collectively that we are going to study and we are going to crack this subject we will definitely do that right so when all of us get together we have more impact so similarly when all these aggregate together when there is entero aggregative E coli they have a longer time of diarrhea persistent diarrhea and one more thing when you try to grow it on Hep two what is Hep two Hep two is a kind of a cell line Hep 2 is a kind of a cell line so please remember on have two cell lines it gives a stacked brick appearance not any of these only entero aggregative E coli gives a stack break appearance stacked brick means something like bricks again can I learn it like aggregated bricks bricks which have been kept together bricks which have been aggregated so everything will make sense now entero aggregative E coli causes aggregated brick appearance or stack brick appearance and once we aggregate long term means persistent diarrhea let's do a very very rapid revision of all these mnemonics that we've just studied guys firstly enteropathogenic E coli P for pathogenic P for Pediatric infantile diarrhea enterotoxygenic E coli means t40 traveler's diarrhea enteroinvasive Invasion will cause bleeding in this tools dysentery uremic syndrome o157 H7 entero aggregative long term persistent diarrhea aggregated bricks stack break appearance on Hep to cell lines these are all the diarrhea strains repeating enteropathogenic enterotoxygenic enteroinvasive E coli entero all these are important E coli strains which cause diarrhea well having said that I think we are ready for some questions which organism causes hus syndrome we just studied okay when I read the options I think there's no confusion at all answer to the question E coli but which kind of E coli hemolytic uremic syndrome h-u-s is caused by entero hemorrhagic E coli and did I teach you any strain also o157 H7 strain of enterohemorrhagic E coli causes hemolytic uremic syndrome next again indirect way of asking you hemolytic uremic syndrome short forms given now we know it hemolytic uremic syndrome is caused by e-i-e-c-e-p-e-c-e-t-e-c or e h e c so entero hemorrhagic E coli coming to question three travelers diarrhea is caused by traveler's diarrhea IEC PEC Tec or h-e-c t40 traveler's diarrhea is caused by entero toxogenic E coli see how the questions are becoming so smooth and so simple to follow next question all of these are pyqs of the fmg exam antimicrobials are given in which type of diarrhea and t-microbials or antibiotics are given in which kind of diarrhea so do you give it an diarrhea caused by osmosis or secretory diarrhea or do you give it in something like a viral diarrhea that is rotavirus or you give it in Travelers Travelers diarrheas which E coli enterotoxygenic E coli basically bacteria so in which of them do you give antimicrobials which kind of diarrhea obviously we give antimicrobials and antibiotics when we are dealing with bacterial etiologies not for viruses not for osmotic or secretory kind of diarrhea antimicrobials are obviously given for bacterial Travelers etec type of diarrhea next which of the following shows the Stacked brick appearance on Cell lines stagged brick appearance I also called it aggregated brick appearance so which of them remember entero aggregative E coli entero aggregative E coli so that is going to show you the stagged brick appearance let's move forward okay let's take up the next question guys five-year-old girl attended a birthday party at a local fast food restaurant after 48 Hours she developed cramping abdominal pain and a low-grade fever and had five episodes of loose bloody stools she's taken to the emergency room next morning as diarrhea continued and she looked pale so overall right now it looks like a food poisoning fast food restaurant with fever with the pain and loose bloody stools are there and because her diarrhea is continuing she started looking very very pale she's taken to the emergency room on examination she is hypotensive with tachycardia so obviously so much of blood loss has happened so much of water loss has happened so obviously she is becoming hypertensive with tachycardia and her blood reports have shown hemoglobin 8. is she coming across as anemic is she coming across as anemic yes then they found out that there is thrombocytopenia okay so they've also found out that her platelet count is low there is thrombocytopenia and there is evidence of hemolysis so which kind of anemia is that hemolytic anemia is there is this sounding like some kind of a Triad when I look at the options also did we study something called rat only this part was missing in the question the renal involvement is not mentioned other than that hemolytic anemia is mentioned thrombocytopenia is mentioned are we indirectly targeting a case of hemolytic uremic syndrome see diarrhea causing organism following which there is hemolytic uremic syndrome enterohemeragic E coli and enterohemeragic E coli with strain it is o157 H7 that is how a question of ehec will come in the paper coming to the next question the blood of a patient is suspected to have pyogenic live abscess was sent for culture so there's a patient who has a pyogenic it's it would be a liver abscess actually biogenic liver abscess is sent for culture that makes more sense right so uh when we're talking about liver abscesses and conditions uh two things either they are dealing with a pyogenic liver abscess or you're dealing with an amoebic liver abscess so amoebic liver abscess means parasite entamoeba parasite here when they say pyogenic liver abscess bacteria The Colony morphology shows large mucoid colonies when I say large mucoid colonies mucoid is something which I have studied is organism that contains a capsule and out of these the organism that contains a capsule is a klebsial and ammonia the organism with the capsule is going to be klebsiella pneumonia so this mucoid word and klebsiella will always go hand in hand coming to the next question TPA test is used for the diagnosis of PPA test is used for the diagnosis of so please remember p4p PPA test is used for the diagnosis of Proteus and that is the next organism that I am going to teach you so first let me teach you and then I'll come back to this what is p Proteus everything about Proteus has been written over here so P for there are two P's that you have to know so first it has something known as the PPA test or the PPA reaction positive you don't have to know the name of the organ the entire reaction but that is phenyl pyruvic acid if you wish to know the name remember Proteus is phenyl pyruvic acid going to be positive another P for dimes phenomenon what is dying's phenomenon let me tell you that so before I move on can you see UNS U for what enzyme does it produce it is urea is positive and what motility does it show it shows the swarming motility it shows the swarming motility and UD is positive do you guys know what is swarming this is swarming that if you are dealing with the case of blood agar if you are dealing with the case of blood agar can you see this concentric so bacteria grows then another circle of motility and other circular motility so this is referred to as the swarming motility when you are dealing with microbiology what are all the organisms that show you swarming motility PVCs PVCs show us warming motility what is all of that remember P for Proteus VP VP means vibrio para hemolyticus that ways you'll recall it's not vibrary or cholera it's vibrio para hemolyticus C for clostridium tetani and S for ceratia let's do a recap we have P for Proteus v p so that is vibroparahemolyticus clostridium tetnae and serious they show you the swarming motility so I have understood the meaning of swarming motility I've understood that it produces urease I've understood it has a PPA reaction positive it is something called dying's phenomena what is dimes phenomena it's the story of you meeting your best friend versus you meeting your enemy before I get on to it very interesting so whenever for example in the lockdown you were not able to meet your best friend for uh two years for example now after two years when you meet your best friend best friend means someone you Vibe with someone you relate to someone whom you are very fond of someone who's just like thank you for that matter so when you meet your best friend after two years you're going to just run towards him or her and hug her because you're meeting him or her after a lockdown after two years so if you're same and if you wipe together you'll hug each other what if you meet your enemy after two years you're going to maintain a distance right because you're not same kind of people you don't gel together you don't wipe together you don't like each other so you won't hug each other you'll stay away you'll maintain a distance same happens with Proteus please remember same happens with Proteus so for example this is a blood agar that I have over here over here I put one Proteus strain number one this is also proteus so from patient one also I've taken protease from patient two also I've taken protease now if they are the same if they are the same strains if they are the same strains means they are best friends what will they do this one will start swarming from here this one will start swarming from here and ultimately they'll all fuse into each other because best friends are supposed to gel best friends are supposed to hug each other right however if from patient one and if from patient two they are different strains if they are different strains you will say that is exactly what has happened here can you see if this has stopped swarming over here this has stopped swarming over here and this one has stopped swarming over here there is a line present I'll show you one more picture see very classical this was Proteus number one this was Proteus number two it started swarming but it stopped over here this started swarming but it stopped over here so if you see that there is somewhere a line of Dima location present means distance has been maintained line of demarcation is present and distance has been maintained are they same or are they different are they best friends or are they enemies if there is a distance maintained you say their enemies they are different strains of Proteus that you are dealing with they are different strains so let me make you ask ask you one question the phenomenon shown below is indicative of so can you all see the phenomenon shown below is the dying phenomenon for sure right this is the dines phenomenon and do we also know that I can see a line in between so they are different strains so if I ask you what is the answer are they same strains of proteas different strains of proteas different strains of para hemolyticus or clostridium I know this is proteus and if distance is present they are enemies they're different different people so what is the answer in that case these are different streams of Proteus so repeating once again guys repeating once again P for protein SP for PPA test positive P for dines phenomena positive o for they result in a fishy odor this organism has a fishy odor it is urea's enzyme positive and it shows us swarming motility what are all the other organisms that show us a swarming motility swarming motility is also shown by PVCs which means we have proteus all of these belong to the PVCs that you have to know right all of them show swarming motility well I guess we can take a break on that note and obviously the family that we are dealing with that is the enterobacteracia family still has a really long way to go so we will be taking that up in the next part of the microbiology crash course so we've covered E coli klebsiella we would be covering we've also covered Proteus we would be covering salmonella shigella along with that we'll also be taking up pseudomonas rickettsia chlamydia and all the tiny tiny bacteria that we are left with so hope also vibrio one very important family so these are the bacteria that are left which we'll be taking up in a slightly lengthy session that we'll have tomorrow but yes tomorrow we would be wrapping up or in the next session we would be wrapping up the final bacteriology portion so that we can move on to virology and parasitology after that out of all bacteriology always takes a little more time it's a little more time consuming because there are so many bacteria the problem is that I can also teach you all the bacteria in one day in a single session but then it becomes a big mess in the mind so it's always better to break it up into smaller portions and study bacteriology for a longer retention well guys as I said the PDF of this session I would also be sharing it over Telegram and other social media platforms all the links to the social media platforms are already given in the description below so you can definitely join in and download the PDFs from those thank you so much for joining in and I'll sign off for today for this session and I'll be meeting you in the next session with all the other bacteria important as a crash course thank you so much guys study well all the very best