Protein Synthesis Inhibitors Pharmacology | Antimicrobial Drugs Mastery by Dr. Priyanka Sachdev

[00:00:03]today we are going to start pharmacology okay  so in Pharmacology one of the important topic   Ultra important topic for University exams also  and for competitive exams also is antimicrobials   so we are going to start antimicrobials and  pharmacology now listen in Pharmacology I   have a very unique way of teaching pharmacology  so I will teach you this antimicrobial section   today we are going to discuss protein synthesis  Inhibitors in a very unique Way by making Master   charts in a comparative way we will discuss  the pharmacology so in Pharmacology all the   drugs are discuss in eight patent headings we  will start with the introduction mechanism of   action uses adverse effect resistance so there  is a fixed set of headings in which we describe   all the drugs and I will give you maximum  pneumonics to understand the uses and adverse   effects and we will understand the mechanism  of action with the help of the diagrams and   flowcharts so without wasting any further  time I guess I must start and I must come   on the top topic and let's start pharmacology the  unique series of the pharmacology okay give me a minute ah that is protein synthesis Inhibitors  okay let me start protein synthesis Inhibitors so   before starting the protein synthesis Inhibitors  one of the antimicrobial you must understand what   are antimicrobial drugs listen I'm having a  patient in my clinic the patient is having   certain infection the infection is caused by  the microorganisms there are four types of   microorganisms in this world the microorganism can  be a bacteria can be a virus can be a fungus can   be a parasite they all cause infections in humans  okay so I'm having a patient in my clinic having   one of the infection maybe caused by a bacteria  virus fungus or parasite now being a doctor I   want to treat my patient I want to cure my patient  so what I will do if the P the patient is having   bacterial infection I will give antibacterial  antiviral antifungal or antiparasitic drug uh   respect L whatever I'm suspecting based on  that we will give that particular drug for   example the patient is having bacterial infection  we will give antibacterial so what does this anti   bacterial will do antibacterial is a drug that  will kill the bacteria antiviral will kill the   virus antifungal kill the fungus anti parasitic  kill the parasite likewise so these all drugs   that kills the corresponding microorganisms are  known as antimicrobials antimicrobials are the   drug that kill the microorganism either they kill  it or they suppress the growth they inhibit the   growth of the microorganism they are not always  killing or they are inhibiting the growth so they   can be bacterio cidal they can be bacteriostatic  okay so these are antimicrobial so basically   what we are doing we are giving a drug that is  killing the bacteria in my patient's body okay   so what basically we are doing we are doing the  murder of the bacteria by giving a drug so am I   a murderer so all doctors are murderer murderer  of whom the bacteria the virus the fungus the   parasites yes we want to kill them because we want  to treat the patient yes or no but bacteria virus   fungus and parasite do not want to get killed  no one want want to get murdered if someone will   murder me I will say save save okay please help  so bacteria also want to get saved virus fungus   parasite so for which they show the resistance  you know what is the meaning of the resistance   resistance is something they are resisting The  Killing you are getting my point they are resist   they do not work so they develop resistance they  are various mechanisms that I will explain you   so first understand the antimicrobial now let me  tell you the classification of the antimicrobial   first before coming on the particular category  today that is protein synthesis inhibitor protein   synthesis inhibitor is one of the antimicrobial  these are antibacterial drugs they kill bacterias   they all kill bacterias they are antibacterial  one of the drug that kill bacteria so before   that you must understand all the categories  okay so any agent that kill the microorganism   or inhibit the growth of the microorganism is  known as antimicrobial agent first understand   the definition I hope you understood the  definition now coming on the classification   okay first understand the classification then I  will come on the particular category today that   is protein synthesis Andor I will tell you this  in a very unique way but before that you must   understand the classification there are six ways  to classify anti antimicrobial drugs I will tell   you all six ways one by one the best among them  is based on the mechanism of action the best if   you want to learn one learn the classification  basis the fourth one that is mechanism of action   but I will tell you all six the first based on the  chemical structure they are divided into 18 groups   they are divided into 18 groups based on their  chemical structure some of them have sulphonamide   some of them are diamino paramid some of them are  quinolones some of them have beta lecton Rings   some of them have four rings that is tetracycline  some of them have Benzene with the Nitro group   so don't learn it don't learn it just have a look  just have a look so this is based on the chemical   structure they are divided into 18 categories  okay they are divided you must know based on   the chemical structure they are divided into 18 18  categories the second way of classification based   on the organism on which they are acting as I told  you there are four type of microorganism bacteria   virus fungus and parasite so antibacterial kill  bacteria antifungal kill fungus antiviral kill   virus and anti parasites are of two type because  we have two types of parasites protozoa and Helman   the one which kill protozoa are antiprotozoal  and the one which kill metazoa that is Helman   are antihelmintic so these both are anti-parasitic  okay so this is the uh classification based on the   organism they are killing the second way of  the classification I hope you are getting it   the Third Way of classification is based on their  activity how many types of bacteria you know huh   you may have read this in microbiology there  are four types of bacteria based on the gram   staining they are gr positive Kai gr negative Kai  gr positive Basel gr negative Basel so there are   certain drugs that kill all so these are known as  broad spectrum broad spectrum is something that is   killing all of them but narrow spect spum have a  peculiar you know they kill only peculiar category   they do not kill all they kill only peculiar for  example panyin kill only gr positive they do not   kill gr Negative they have less activity towards  gram negative as compared to gr positive so they   are more active against gr positive bacteria  as compared to BR negative so they act against   A peculiar category so that is based on their  activity whether they are narrow Spectrum or   broad spectrum so that is the third classification  the fourth classification is ultra important that   is based on mechanism of infection I told you if  you want to learn one classification go with this   one now listen everyone on the screen this is  bacteria this is the cell of bacteria this is   not human cell this is a cell of bacteria this  is the nucleus of the bacteria okay inside the   bacteria this is the ribosome of the bacteria this  is the cell membrane and this is the cell wall all   bacterias have cell wall whether gr positive or  gr negative all bacterias in this world except   micoplasma have the cell wall now this bacteria  we which you can see on the screen this bacteria   is present in my patient's body so this bacteria  is causing a disease in my patient's body okay   and being a doctor I want to kill it because I  want to save my patient I want to cure my patient   I want to treat my patient so I want to kill this  bacteria which is present in my patient's body so   there are four ways I can kill it I can give the  drugs to kill that antibacterial drugs there are   four ways I can kill this microorganism number  one I can give the drug that act on the cell   wall and they inhibit the cell wall synthesis  in the bacteria so bacteria will die the cell   wall synthesis will be inhibited the bacteria  will swell swell swell burst and die so there   are certain drugs which act on the cell wall cell  wall synthesis Inhibitors number one number one   the second category of the drug they act on  the cell membrane not cell wall they act on   the cell membrane they cause pores or holes in  the cell membrane they cause pores or holes in   the cell membrane cell membrane me they cause  pores or holes so that the cytoplasm or the   vitals will leak out and the bacteria will die  this is the second mechanism we can kill this   bacteria the second mechanism we can kill this  bacteria is this the third mechanism the third   mechanism we can give the drugs which act on the  ribosome on the ribosome protein synthesis takes   place so these drugs inhibit protein synthesis  in the bacteria the bacteria will not get killed   but you know the bacteria cannot divide because  the protein synthesis is not taking place so the   third mechanism by which we can inhibit the growth  of the bacteria is by giving the drug that act on   the ribosome by inhibiting the protein synthesis  and the fourth and the last mechanism we can give   the drugs that act on the nucleus and they inhibit  the nucleic acid synthesis nuclic acid synthesis   uh is inhibited by these drugs they can be DNA  Inhibitors or RNA Inhibitors synthesis of DNA   Inhibitors or RNA synthesis Inhibitors so these  are the four broad Brad mechanism by which the   drugs can kill the bacteria say yes if you got it  what are the four ways now this is the bacteria   you want to kill it with the help of the drug so  there are four drugs which can kill the bacteria   the first acting on the cell wall these are the  drugs they inhibit the cell wall synthesis so the   bacteria will get killed the second are the drugs  which cause pores in the cell membrane they do not   act on the cell wall they cause porce in the cell  membrane so the bacteria will get killed because   the cytoplasm will leak out the third drugs  they act on the ribosome they they you know   they inhibit the ribosome so protein synthesis  will not take place and bacteria cannot divide   okay and four drugs they act on the nucleus and  they inhibit the DNA or RNA synthesis so there   are four drugs okay out of them today I will teach  you only one category that is protein synthesis   Inhibitors and here there are four main drugs that  I will teach you in detail say yes if you all got   it got it h so these are the four mechanism cell  wall synthesis Inhibitors cell membrane they act   on the cell membrane and causing force in the cell  membrane protein synthesis Inhibitors and nuclic   acid synthesis Inhibitors among them we will study  one today that is protein synthesis Inhibitors how   many of you got it give me a thumbs up got it so  this is the same diagram which I have explained   you you can see the bacteria you can see these  all are the drugs which inhibit the cell wall   synthesis okay one of them is beta lactum beta  lactam antibiotics that I will teach you in the   next session beta loms I'm going to teach you in  the next session one of the drugs they act on the   cell membrane one of the drugs that act on protein  synthesis that we are taking today and these are   taking uh acting on the nuclic acid synthesis so  there are four ways these are cell wall synthesis   Inhibitors I'm not reading the name these are  acting on the cell membrane today we are going   to take protein synthesis Inhibitors how many  of you got today we are going to take protein   synthesis Inhibitors so there are seven protein  synthesis Inhibitors out of which four are Ultra   important I will teach you these four in a  comparative unique manner so I will teach you   four chapters today I will teach you tetracyclin  aminoglycoside chlorinol and ithin that is macres   so I will teach you these four chapters today in  a unique comparative manner they all act on the   ribosome of the bacteria H now ribosomes have two  portion 30s and 50s some of them act on 30s some   of them act on 50s some of them Act act on both  but ultimately the purpose of all these drugs   is same they inhibit the ribosome no protein  synthesis so bacteria cannot divide they do not   kill the bacteria they cannot the bacteria there  is a bacteria you are giving one of these drug so   that that drug will go on the ribosome inhibit  either 30s or 50s or both so ribosome will not   function so that bacteria cannot form protein  but that bacteria will not die but that bacteria   cannot divide further it cannot do the binary  fishion because there is no protein synthesis got   my point so they all are bacterio static accept  amog glycosite which are both bacteriocidal as   well as static got it so some of them act on 30  some of them act on 50 as some of them act on both   I will give you the detail when I will teach you  each one of them okay and the last mechanism some   of them act on the nuclic acid synthesis DNA or  RNA they inhibit DNA synthesis or RNA this is the   fourth classification the fifth classification  some of them kill the bacteria they are known   as bacterio Sidle see how many bacterias you can  see you can see on the scultpure plate few colon   are there if you're putting a drug they all get  killed they all get killed this is bacterio Sidle   Sidle M killing Sidle means killing and there  are you can count here 1 2 3 4 5 6 7even the   seven are seven only the seven remains seven the  number do not increase so they are bacterio static   static means they do not kill they inhibit the  growth they inhibit the growth so here whatever   is the number of the colony the same number of  colony is here they are not increasing they are   not doing binary fishion got my point so they  can be bacterio SLE they can be bacterio static   some of them are bacterio SLE some of them are  bacteriostatic and the last one from where we are   obtaining that particular antibiotic antibiotic  from where we obtain we obtain the antibiotic by   genetic engineering either by inside the fungus or  inside the bacterias or inside the Acom aties so   these are the broad broad six ways of classing  antimicrobials I taught you the definition   of antimicrobial what are antimicrobial drugs  antimicrobial drugs are the drugs that kill the   microorganism they kill bacteria they kill virus  they kill fungus they kill parasite so there are   six ways to classify them based on chemical  structure there are 18 types don't learn that   just have a look broadly broadly have a look you  don't get cion on them but you get cions on others   okay the type of organism they are killing so  antibacterial kill bacteria antiviral antifungal   anti-parasitic are of two type antiprotozoal  and anti-h helenic they all are antiparasitic   both of them type of spectrum of activity based on  spectrum of activity they are of two type narrow   spectrum and broad spectrum Broad Spectrum kill  all bacterias narrow Spectrum kill particular   category I told you whether kokai or basili or  gr positive or gr negative based on mechanism   of action I told you there are four mechanisms I  told you in detail based on type of action they   are of two type bacterio sidal and bacterio  static and from where they are obtained again   they are divided in three category whether they  are obtained from bacteria or from fungus or they   are obtained from actines so this is the broad  classification now coming on my topic today so   this is the overview now we will see the details  of the topic so can we start are you people ready   huh so this was the warm up so can we run now  can we start the marathon the protein synthesis   Inhibitors among them so I'm going to teach you  four drugs tetracyclin chlorinol aminoglycoside   and macrolite antibiotics the Prototype drug here  is aromasin so I will indicate tetracycline with t   chlorinol with C aminoglycoside with a and erasin  with e so I am going to teach you these four drugs   in detail today in a unique way okay so let's  start it they all inhibit protein synthesis where   does protein synthesis takes place now this is  bacteria H this is the cell wall of the bacteria   I'm not interested in cell wall I'm not interested  in cell membrane I'm not even interested in the   nucleus where I interested I'm interested in  ribosome because protein synthesis takes place   in ribosome so these all drugs which I taught you  tetracycline chlorinol aminoglycoside and aromasin   they act on the ribosome because they all inhibit  protein so there are two two uh uh sections in the   ribosome the 30s and 50s so some act on 30 some  act on 15 some act on both so these all drugs   act on the ribosome but before understanding the  mechan the step is different now they all inhibit   ribosome the protein synthesis but the exact step  is different in all four you have to understand   that but for understanding which exact step they  are inhibiting inside the ribosome inside the   ribosome you have to understand the steps of the  protein synthesis if you don't understand the step   of protein synthesis how you can understand  the mechanism of action of protein synthesis Inhibitors you getting my point so first you  have to learn the normal protein synthesis the   transcription and translation you have read this  in Biochemistry also I I I'm sure you have read   this but I'm revising your Concepts okay see  everyone on the screen can you see a bacterial   cell this cell is bacterial cell not human cell  see this is a bacterial cell okay this this is the   nucleus this is the nucleus of this bacteria okay  inside the nucleus this is the double stranded DNA   okay inside the bacteria the bacterial cell the  nucleus the DNA we can see now the two strengths   of the DNA are separating from each other one is  leading one is lagging so you can see these are   the double stranded DNA have a look have a look  okay now the two strands are separating from each   other one is leading one is lagging so imagine  this one is leading and this one is lagging okay   you have read all this I'm just brushing up your  concept so that you have a better understanding   here got my point now on the leading strand  the MRNA is synthesized you know so one of the   leading strand give rise to complimentary mRNA  so this is known as transcription this is known   as transcription okay what is transcription  transcription is formation of mRNA from DNA   what does transcription say it is formation of  mRNA from DNA from one of the strand of DNA the   complimentary mRNA it takes place in nucleus now  I'm going to teach you four drugs today now what   are the names see ma'am tetracyclin chlorinol  aminoglycoside and the last one is aromasin none   of them act on transcription no transcription  is absolutely normal they all act on the next   step translation so transcription is absolutely  healthy absolutely normal now this mRNA is coming   out of the nucleus see the next diagram see see  see now the transcription is done okay what is   transcription transcription this is DNA this is  leading strand of DNA the blue color from which   the mRNA synthesized this is complimentary mRNA  now it will come out now this will come out of the   nucleus see it is already came out of the nucleus  this was mRNA synthesized here now it came out of   the nucleus and went on the ribosome now see the  ribosome now it is going on the ribosome now on   the ribosome what will happen on the ribosome the  MRNA convert into the protein H you see so from   this mRNA the protein is synthesized so this  is known as translation so we have two steps   we have two things what are the two two things I  told you one is transcription one is translation   transcription takes place in nucleus translation  takes place in cytoplasm in the cytoplasm in   the ribosome to be specific okay what is the  definition what is the definition people huh what   is transcription see ma'am formation of mRNA from  DNA and what is translation formation of protein   from mRNA so first from DNA mRNA is formed inside  the nucleus now this mRNA came out it will go in   the cytoplasm it will go in the right ribosome on  the ribosome it will convert into protein what is   protein a chain of amino acid amino acid 1 amino  acid 2 amino acid 3 likewise multiple amino acid   bind together and protein is formed so this step  is known as transcription I'm not interested in   that this step is known as translation I want to  give you the details of translation how exactly   it happens because all my four drugs which I'm  going to teach you today that is tetracycline   aminoglycoside choram phicol and nasin they all  inhibit translation by inhibiting transl they   inhibit the conversion of mRNA to protein and in  this way they are protein synthesis ineter to be   Crystal Clear say yes if you got it everyone say  yes can we go ahead can we go ahead so you can see   the MRNA which is coming out of the nucleus now it  is going on the ribosome let me Zoom the ribosome   to explain you the structure of the ribosome let  me Zoom let me Zoom so this is the zoom version of   a ribosome you can see this is a normal ribosome  in a normal ribosome there are two windows this is   p window and this is a window you can see in the  ribos there are two segment 30s and 50s and there   are two windows p and a now let me take this mRNA  and attach on this ribosome so this is the MRNA   attached on the ribosome can you see the Buc mRNA  so this mRNA is attached on the ribosome you know   mRNA have codons what is a codon what is the codon  codon is the triplet of the nucleotide H so in the   MRNA multiple this is first codon this is second  codon this is third codon this is fourth codon   likewise so you can see you can see the first  codon always goes C1 the first first codon it   will always go on P window it's a rule and the  second codon is going on the a window it's a   rule so as soon as you can see this MRN is coming  out and going here you can see the C1 is attached   on the P window seat and C2 is attached on the a  window seat okay you can see okay now let me tell   you how does the now you know the codons these all  are codons you know these all are codons you may   have read this in Biochemistry I'm not teaching  you this you know one codon uh it is coding for   one amino acid there are 20 amino acid H but  we have 64 kons you got my point so there are   multiple kons you can see they are coding for one  amino acid they all code for one one one one one   one specific amino acid you can see so you can  see one codeon is standing for one amino acid   say yes if you got this concept you may be knowing  now now see the cytoplasm you see this bacterial   cell see this bacterial cell see the nucleus see  the ribosome on the ribosome you can see this is   codon one it may be standing for one amino acid  there are 20 amino acid they all are present in   the cytoplasm can you see the cytoplasm can you  see the amino acid this is amino acid 1 this is   amino acid 2 amino acid 3 4 5 6 7 8 they all are  present in the cytoplasm they are not alone they   are present on TRNA Transfer RNA TRNA so TRNA is  transporting them H so it is TRNA they are present   on TRNA so all the amino acid are present in the  cytoplasm on TRNA H got my point now they all are   present so whatever C1 is standing for H there  will be a call for that aminu said wherever you   are please come here on the ribosome and now for  example this C1 this C1 is this C1 is this cug so   wherever is the Lucine present in the cytoplasm it  will come if the first amino acid is ucg wherever   is the serin wherever it is it will come you got  my point so all the 20 amino acids are present   in the cytoplasm whatever codon is coming on the  P window that particular amino acid for which it   is standing it will go and bind there so this is  the rule H so let me tell you the four steps in   translation I will teach you four antibiotics now  tetracyclin chol aminoglycoside and um aromasin   they all will inhibit one one step there are four  step and they all will inhibit one one step so   mechanism of action of all of them is different  mechanism the particular step is different so you   have to understand the four steps so what is the  first step the first step please understand the   first step you can see whatever amino acid the  C1 uh whatever codon is there the C1 on the P   window the first amino acid standing for that it  will come and bind on the P window this step is   known as initiation so whatever codon is present  on the P window the particular amino acid present   in the cytoplasm that will come and bind on the  P window so this step is known as initiation it   always take place on P window it start at the P  the initiation takes place at P say yes the second   amino acid which is for second codon it will come  and bind with the a this is second step the Second   Step this is the initiation which happens at P  window in which the amino acid come and bind at   the P window this is attachment of new Amino TRNA  the new amino acid containing TRNA it will come on   the a window so first step takes place on P window  Second Step takes place on a window this is known   as old amino acid this is known as New amino acid  on P it's always old old means previous and on   a it's always new it's a rule okay now what is  the third step in the third step these two amino   acid bind with each other they will form peptide  peptide bond and the old will go over the new old   will go over the new that is the third step the  first step the amino acid come at p and bind at   P this is initiation this is Step number one the  second step the amino acid will come at a and bind   at a this is the second step now the third step  they bind this is preexisting this is new there   is a bond formation between the two the third  step there is a bond formation between the two   and the P will shift on the a a will not come on  P the P will come on a I mean the previous will   come on the new over the new so A1 will come on  A2 H peptide peptide bond formation between the   two and it is shifting so transfer of the peptide  chain so this is the third step so what are the   what are the three steps till now so first amino  acid coming at P the second amino acid coming at   a the third amino acid not third the two amino  acid are binding with each other with peptide   peptide bond and the previous is shifting on the  new it is known as P2 a shift it is known as P2   a shift P2 a not A2 P mind my words it is P2 a  you are getting it and the last and the fourth   step please understand it well it's difficult  the complete ribosome can you see the red color   ribosome let me show you this red color ribosome  it is Shifting ahead by one codon it is Shifting   ahead so P window will come on a a will go on the  next codon and this codon will free shall I repeat   or you got it what I'm saying so P will jump one  codon ahead a will so that is p will come on a a   will also jump one codon ahead a will it initially  a is on C2 now a will go on C3 and C1 will be free   see the next diagram see the next diagram you got  my point huh but the chain of the amino acid will   remain there only listen listen listen the chain  of the amino acid will remain there only where is   the chain of amino acid not the chain of amino  it is on a but now when this this ribosome is   going ahead by one codon so p is coming on  a so this chain will come over the can you see ribosome is moving by one and this is known  as translocation the fourth and the last got my   point now the process start again now P window  already we have amino acid now a window P the A3   will come A3 will come then again peptide peptide  bond formation then again P2 a shift H this last   step in which the complete complete ribosome is  Shifting it is known as a top because here the   amino chain the amino acid chain it is shifting  from a top it is shifting from A to B so can you   tell me the four steps what are the four steps  of translation 1 2 3 four if you understand the   four steps it's very easy what are the four steps  the first step is initiation what is initiation   exactly say m b finding of amino acid at P window  what's the second step coming of new amino acid at   a window what's the third step the bond formation  between the previous and the new new that is   peptide peptide bond formation and P2 a shift P2  a shift the previous will shift on the new and   last one the complete ribosome is Shifting ahead  by one one Kon that is known as translocation   translocation means one Kon jump and it is a2p  this one is a top say yes if you got it say yes do   you have any confusion over here do you have any  confusion H say yes if you got it so I'm going to   teach you four four antibiotics now aminoglycoside  inhibit this step it inhibit P window okay   tetracyclin inhibit a window okay chlorum ficol  inhibit p2a okay and last ithin inhibit a2p that's   it that was that easy but ultimately all of them  inhibit translation all of them inhibit protein   synthesis I don't know how many of you got it  say yes if you got it okay so do you have any   confusion do you have any confusion so I'm going  to teach you four four antibiotics you see Amino   aminoglycoside inhibiting the first step that is  p window it is blocking P window so first step do   not take place it inhibit initiation a for a is  the first letter in alphabet now AB b c d a is   the first letter so it inhibit initiation you  can learn like that A A for amino glycoside it   inhibit initiation the first step the first step  okay the second is the tetracyclin tetracyclin   inhibit Second Step It inhibit a window a window  the third is the Chlor phenicol it inhibit p2a p2a   peptide peptide bond formation and p2a shift and  last one is aromasin it inhibit the translocation   that is a2p shift how many of you got it so that  is the ultimate diagram if I explain you directly   you don't understand but now you can understand  all four what is this first antibiotic this one   is aminoglycoside it is inhibiting p window see  the cross it is inhibiting p window can you see   this one is inhibiting p window can you see this  one this one is the second one Tetra cycling it   is inhibiting the a window this one is chlorum  phenicol this one is inhibiting p2a p2a and this   one is uh erythromycin it is inhibiting a2p  say yes give me a thumbs up everyone give me   a thumbs up everyone does anyone have any doubt  I repeat my words P window a window P2 a A2 p p   to a shift A2 P now you can understand now tell  me which antibiotic is acting at which level so   this P window is blocked by aminoglycoside that  is initiation a window is blocked by tetra that   is binding of new amino acid on a window P2  a shift is blocked by chlorum fenicol that is   peptide peptide bond formation between the new and  the a previous one and shift of previous to new so   this step is blocked by chlorinol and the last one  aromasin it is inhibiting a to P shift that is it   is inhibiting the translocation jumping off one  codon by the ribosome this step is inhibited by   aromasin I hope it's Crystal Clear does anyone  have any doubt shall I repeat or you got it no   let's start the antibiotic so let's start the  actual chapter now let's start the actual chapter   now can you see the four antibiotics which I'm  going to teach you in the sequence only I will   teach you tetracycline chlorinol aminoglycoside  and ithin I will teach you in the sequence only   got it give me a minute I cannot see your chat I  can see now so I will teach you the introduction   in which I will tell you the structure of  the antibiotic or any important point then   the classification Spectrum mechanism of action  resistance mechanisms adverse effects and uses for   adverse effects I will give you four neonic for  uses I will give you four pneumonic so at the end   of the chapter you will be having eight pneumonics  with you you will be having eight pneumonics with   you you got it can we go ahead can we start say  yes can we start so in this sequence only and we   will fill this table H I request the students  to take out your notebooks and pen and start   filling it or otherwise it is provided in the  notes okay so let's start with the tetracyclin   let's start with the tetracyclin why tetracyclin  are known as tetracyclin have you ever thought   tetracyclin are known as tetracyclin because they  have four four nucleus four cyclic nucleus that's   why tetracyclin the four Benzene rings are there  that's why they are known as tetracyclin so in the   introduction you must know their structure that's  it coming on their classification tetracyclin are   of three types they are divided in three group  group one group two group three in the group   one we are having three tetracyclin tetracyclin  is the class it's a category tetracyclin inside   which there is a drug known as tetracycline so  inside the category tetracycline there's a drug   tetracycline also so the category one contain  group one contain tetracyclin Chlor tetracyclin   and oxy tetracyclin one is simple tetracyclin one  is Chlor tetracyclin one is oxy tetracyclin one is   simple tety this group two contain deyin and Lyin  and group three contain doxy and Mino okay so you   have to learn this classification so it is divided  into three groups group one 2 three can you tell   me the names total seven drugs are there in the  group one it's tetracyclin clor tetracyclin oxy   tetracyclin in group two it's demoy and Lamy and  and in group three it's doxy cycl and minocyclin   without any confusion learn the seven names the  mechanism of all of them is same the category   is tetracyclin itself say yes if you got it say  yes so the classification is done coming on the   Spectrum coming on the Spectrum we are having four  types of bacteria gr positive gr negative kokai gr   positive and gr negative basil so where does it  act it act on all gr positive Cai gr negative Kai   gr positive B gr negative it's a broad spectrum  gr positive B gr negative B not only on B it acts   on micoplasma aoes Ria clamidia and protoo  also so it is acting on gr positive Kai gr   negative kokai gr positive basil gr negative  basil Spyro Ria micoplasma and protozoa also   because these three bacterias are included in none  of the category they are miscellenous bacteria   so among along with the four categories of the  bacteria they act on miscellenous also and not   only bacteria they act on some protozoa also so  please learn it's the broad spectrum antibiotic   it is acting overall so this is the Spectrum  the simplest way to learn the Spectrum coming   on mechanism of action I guess everyone knows  what is the mechanism of action of course they   all four inhibit protein synthesis they all four  inhibit protein synthesis but which Step there   are four steps now so tetracyclin inhibits step  number two step number two that is it act on a   window a window it block the a window not P window  aminoglycoside inhibit the initiation step number   one they block the P window choron phicol inhibit  the third step that is P2 a shift and the ithin   inhibit the step number four that is a2p now you  can understand because I have given you a overview   say yes if you got it so I guess everyone knows  the mechanism of action so this inhibit protein   synthesis but which step step number two that is  it do not block P window the initiation is normal   but it block a window so the new amino acid cannot  come so the tetracyclin enter inside the cell go   on 30th of the ribosome you have to learn it acts  on 30 years and it blocked the a window it blocked   the a window no a window so Second Step will not  take place the new amino acid cannot come okay so   the protein synthesis cannot take place say yes  so please write down it act on 30s not on 50s it   blocks step number two that is it block a window  and this one is bacterio static please learn the   summary okay and you can draw this flowchart  understand you can understand this diagram   well now coming the various ways of resistance  we can skip coming on the adverse effect what   are the adverse effects of tetracyclin give me a  pneumonic what is the adverse effects the adverse   effect is the pneumonic is l adani PT teacher  Al adwani is PT teacher so L stand for liever   damage they cause liver damage k stand for kidney  damage they cause liver damage they cause joinus   and colestasis they cause kidney damage also okay  a stand for antim Metabolic Effect D for diabetes   but not diabetes meitus it's diabetes anitus okay  uh I uh okay V is vestibular toxicity patient have   Vero vestibules are damaged okay vular toxicity  I is standing for intracranial pressure raised   PT phototoxicity and TI and Bone are damaged and  teacher one more T stereogenic we will say it's   easy l k adani you write down like this adani  or ad you can learn ad l k adwi p t teacher LK   adwani PT teacher say the full form say the full  form with me can you try huh liver damage kidney   damage okay a is antimetabolic effects what  is D diabetes inspius patient have multiple   frequent urination vestibular damage patient  have Vero increase intracranial pressure H   phototoxicity in the eyes h on the skin I'm sorry  phototoxicity in presence of sunlight there will   be skin rashes will be there phototoxicity te  is tith and Bone damage and te is teratogenic   if taken during pregnancy it is teratogenic for  the fetus never give tety to any pregnant female   it is teratogenic can you say it again l k adani  or ad PT teacher now you can say the full form   huh and you can understand the meaning of that  these are the adverse effects now coming on uses   tetracyclin is First Choice in how many infection  huh so I'm having a pneumonic again the pneumonic   is vacuum the bedroom vacuum v stand for vibrio  it is a first choice of drug given in vibrio Kera   whenever the patient is having Kera you can give  tetracyclin as first choice drug a stand for acne   you know acne acne is also caused by a bacteria so  you can give tetracyclin as first choice of drug   C is clamidia also you can learn clamidia the  LGB and granuloma inguin the LGB caused by the   clamidia okay U is UOP plasma m is micoplasma  europlasma micoplasma by europlasma micoplasma   T tmia tmia is plague plague tmia plague one and  the same thing bed room so boria and Ria we will   say vacuum vacuum only one C is there vacuum the  bedroom vacuum the bedroom try to say tetracyclin   are first choice of drug in vibrio acne clamidia  UOP plasma micoplasma by by UOP plasma micoplasma   tmia toria's plague boria and ruia say try to  say so can you tell me the both things together   adverse effects and uses can you tell me together  tell me the adverse effects we are talking about   tetracyclin by the way don't forget that we are  talking about tetracyclin don't forget that tell   me the adverse effects try to say l KV p t teacher  okay and tell me the users vacuum only one c not   Double C I know vacuum Spelling have Double C but  here you have to write down one one C the bad room   now I hope you can say the full form just say it  once okay you will understand what are the adverse   effect liver damage kidney damage anti- anabolic  effects diabetic insipidus vestibular toxicity   intracranial pressure is increased phototoxicity  tith and Bone damage and teratogenic now say the   users try to say it once vibrio First Choice acne  First Choice clamidia LGB First Choice UOP plasma   micoplasma first First Choice Toria boria Ria  First Choice so tetracyclin is given as a first   choice drug in these so this is the summary of  the tetracycline so you have to learn complete   pharmacology like this this is a way so today I'm  teaching you a way how to read how to understand   uh pharmacology H it's very interesting subject  if you do like this all the drugs imagine all the   uh drugs in entire pharmacology you're tubulating  like that so these are the master tables at the   end The Complete Book of the pharmacology will  get compressed in pure 20 30 pages in which only   tables tables tables tables are there so we are  compressing the complete pharmacology in just   20 Pages you can do so by making the comparative  tables in entire pharmacology this is a way you   should study pharmacology how many of you got  it so let's revise tety and move on the second   drug so why tetracyclin are known as tetracyclin  because they have four Benzene Rings that's why   Tetra means four what's the classification  they are divided into three groups in each   group in the first group we are having three drugs  tetracyclin Chlor tetracyclin oxy tetracyclin in   the second we have deoy and Lyin and in the third  we have doxycycl and minocyclin so total seven are   there 3 + 2 + 2 Spectrum it's a broad spectrum  acting against gr positive Kai gr negative Kai   gr positive Bas gr negative basil what is the  mechanism of action it inhibit protein synthesis   obviously that is my chapter today they all  inhibit protein synthesis but it is acting on 30s   it is acting on 30s okay so you will compare which  one is acting where okay this one will act on 50s   this one is again acting on 30s this one will act  on both so you will have a comparative overview   that which drug is acting on which segment of the  ribosome okay this is inhibiting Step number two   that is inhibiting window a h a window and it is  bacteriostatic okay the adverse effect is Al ADI   is a PT teacher and uses is vacuum bedroom vacuum  the bedroom okay now coming on the second draw   choram phicol okay so can I start choram ficol  let's start it chlorum phicol see the structure   it is having Benzene with a Nitro Moy so the  nitrobenzene it is known as nitrobenzene and   that's why that will give the antibacterial  activity here now compare the structure here   tetracyclin are known as Tet because they have  four rings and chlorum ficol have a Nitro Moy in   a Benzene this should be a Benzene it is having  a Nitro Mo in the Benzene so here this the four   rings are responsible for antibacterial activity  here the nitroz is responsible for antibacterial   activity now don't go in the detail structure no  no no we are not reading chemistry come on we are   reading pharmacology so the basic basic thing on  which the ncq can be framed you should learn that   so that is a structure now see the class we don't  have any classification we have only one drug   chlorinol here we have seven drugs I told you all  seven here we have have only one drug chlorinol   so classification is skipped you don't have what  about the Spectrum exactly same the spectrum is   same it's also broad spectrum acting against gr  positive Kai gr negative Kai gr positive Bas gr   negative Bas not only these it is acting for Spyro  Ria micoplasma and clamidia also so it is same so   gr positive C gr negative C gr positive Bas gr  negative Bas Spyro Ria microplasma protozoa so   spectrum is same both of them are broad spectrum  these both these both will be narrow I will tell   you why narrow I will tell you but you can see  it's same no tell me the mechanism of action the   first thing this one was acting on 30 years this  will act on 50 years the first thing it is acting   on the 50s H this one was blocking a window that  is second step this will block the third step a   to P transfer I'm sorry P2 a transfer the P2  a transfer can you see P2 a transfer so this   is the amino acid on P this is the amino acid  on a normally they form peptide peptide bond   with each other and after forming peptide peptide  bond the p is shifted on a p to a shift P window   to a this is blocked by Chlor the third step so  it is blocking step number three say yes if you   got it so it is blocking step number three got  my point so that is the mechanism of action it   inhibits protein synthesis step number three  that is p to a shift it do not block P do not   block a it blocked P2 a shift it blocked P2 a  shift okay this one was blocking a window this   one is blocking P2 a shift there is a difference  there is a difference in that so please understand   okay so it is inhibiting the peptide peptide bond  formation between the two amino acid and shift of   the previous amino acid to the new amino acid that  is P2 a shift it is blocking P2 a shift okay so   now please compare please compare can you see now  see the structure of both of them compare compare   we are comparing tety with chlorinol here total  seven tetracyclin are there here only one chlorum   ficol no classification see the spectrum is same  for both of them but the mechanism of action is   differing please have a look please I request this  one is acting on 30s tetracycline chlorinol act on   50 years this one is inhibiting Step number two  that is inhibiting a window this one inhibiting   step number three that is peptide peptide bond  formation and P2 a shift P2 a shift this is also   bacteriostatic this is also bacteriostatic okay  now coming on adverse effect and uses I will give   you two pneumonics now one for adverse effect one  for uses so the adverse effects of chlorinol the   pneumonic is Big Super Hyper sensitivity this  is a pneumonic okay b stand for bone marrow   depression it cause bone marrow suppression what  is bone marrow suppression you know inside the   bone marrow in pathology you may have read that  we have hematopoetic stem cell do you know that   hematopoetic stem cell give rise to rbcs it give  rise to platelet and it give rise to WBC it give   rise to all the blood cells that is it is the  ancestral cell so basically chlorinol if you give   Chlor fol to anyone chlorum phicol the patient is  taking by mouth tablet okay it will go it will get   absorbed it will go in blood from the blood it  will go in bone marrow and it kill hoptic St so   no RBC synthesis no plate no WBC patient will have  pancytopenia come on it's a Dangerous Drug that's   why it is banned nowadays okay pancytopenia only  on rare cases we give otherwise in combinations   it's banned in India we cannot give because  it's a dangerous drug the side effect is very   very dangerous you know the patient can have  pancytopenia because of anemia patient can have   lethargy because of thrombocytopenia patient can  have bleeding disorders and because of leucopenia   patient can have recurrent infections so these are  the side effects H bone Mar depression is a very   severe or dangerous side effect we cannot afford  that I stand for irritative effect if you give by   mouth I mean oral the patient will have nausea  and vomiting and patient can have diarhea also   and if you give injection patient will have pain  so whereever root you are giving it is irritating   that root you are giving oral root patient have  vomiting and diarrhea if you giving injectable   root patient have pain so irritation h g stand  for GR baby syndrome very important never give   chlorinol to a newborn to a neonate to an infant  because if you give the patient will have sinosis   patient will have pancytopenia H and because of  the pancytopenia uh you know the tox the newborn   can have toxicity because it is not very well  metabolized by the newborn and the newborn will   have toxicity patient can have sinosis and this is  known as gr baby syndrome super is super infection   why why super infection patient have pancytopenia  patient have less WBC so recurrent infections   super infections are common and hypers sensitivity  hypersensitivity allergies are common so big big   Super Hyper sensitivity this is the pneumonic it  is bone marrow seption okay irritative effects   take gray baby syndrome super infection and hypers  sensitivity this is the adverse effect coming on   uses I told you uses is highly restricted because  of fatal toxicity usually it is given only when   required otherwise try for alternative if  you have a better drug than chlorinol don't   give chlorinol we give it on rear of the rarest  occas when no other drug is either available or   it is non-functional otherwise we never give it  because of fatal toxicity I'm talking about bone   marot toxicity we never give it we give it only  on six occasions the pneumonic is bare TB B for   bacteria menitis or pyogenic mantis if it's not  responding to other drugs this is not drug of   choice this is not drug of choice a for anerobic  infection R for rtia E for ear and eye infection   that is endopthalmitis and conjunctivitis okay T  for tyi and B for brusilla but it is not drug of   choice in any of them we give different drugs if  they are nonfunctional then we will give this if   they are not working say yes if you got it say  yes okay got it thank you thank you so much for   the compliment okay so can we go go ahead can  we go ahead so this is the users so please now   compare the adverse effect of tetracyclin with  chlorinol and compare the users of tetracyclin   with choram fenicol read the pneumonics read  the pneumonics so can you say it once uh the   choram phenicol adverse effector and uses huh  okay say say both tetracyclin chlorinol tell me   the adverse effects here the adverse effect is  l k ad PT teacher and here the adverse effects   big Super Hyper big super hyper hyper sensitivity  tell me the uses of both here the uses is vacuum   the bad room and here the use is bear TB bear  TB okay now can you tell me the full forms huh   here I'm not saying I have said once now here I'm  saying the full forms I guess uh it's okay huh so   B for bone marot toxicity never forget because of  which it is Bann nowadays I for irritation G for   grap baby syndrome on which Maximum mcqs come gray  baby syndrome is caused by answer is Chlor phicol   s is super infection and H is hypers sensitivity  super infection hypers sensity it is never First   Choice drug never it is given as an alternative if  the First Choice drug is nonworking or resistance   then only we afford it otherwise we cannot give  it h so what are the what is the pneumonic what   is the pneumonic be TB what is the full form of  be TB B for bacterial meningitis and here B is   for brusilla there are two B bacterial mantis  penic mantis and brusilla anerobic infection   Ricket here ear and eye infection typhoid but it  is not First Choice here tetracycline is First   Choice here it is not a First Choice I'm saying  that I'm insisting that got it so this is the   way you should learn pharmacology we are done with  two drugs till now tetracyclin chlorophenol please   understand mechanism of action is something you  have to understand in flowchart and diagram if   you are preparing for second Prof University exam  you have to draw the diagram here and you have to   draw the flowchart here in mechanism affection  but adverse effect and uses is something you   cannot uh uh I mean there is nothing to  understand you have to learn that so try   to make maximum pneumonics and learn ite Le make  aonic and learn it users just learn it mechanism   of action is something you have to understand  now coming on the third drug with this overview   coming on the third drug aminoglycoside everyone  give me a thumbs up can I start the third drug   aminoglycoside let's start the third category  aminoglycoside why aminoglycosides are known as   aminoglycoside here the amino groups are linked  with the sugars glycosidically that's why Amino   glycosides that is the structure so Amino groups  are linked with the sugar glycosidically H so it   is um glycosidically so this is the structure  now compare the structure tetracyclin compare   the structure of chlorinol rough Ru structure we  will not go in detail and compare the structure of   aminoglycoside H the name itself is depicting  its structure Tetra cycling have four rings H   aminoglycoside have a amino group and sugar  they are combined glycosidically that's why   Amo glycoside chlorinol have a nitrobenzene  Moy okay now coming on the classification   here we don't have any classification but here  we have classification it is divided into two   categories systemic and topical systemic systemic  injectable it is given via injections it is given   intramuscular injections or injections it's never  given oral no aminoglycoside is oral no aminogly   there is no tablet available of aminoglycoside  either they are injectable either or topical   topical means in the form of the ointment ointment  or drops drops or ointment but it's not a tablet   please learn aminoglycoside is not available  in tablet form it is not available orally so   systemic is injectable and topical so systemic  are seven 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 88 I'm having a pneumonic   for eight huh so the pneumonic is Tang t a n  g Tang s KP you can make some better Pon can   share with me also if you have something better  okay so these are the eight systemic t stand for   toam okay I'm sorry t for tobra okay a stand for  amikas n stand for nly G stand for Genta there are   two S strapo and cisin K for kanamin and P for  paramin so tanks gy and topical we are having   only two FN NF or FN you can make some neonic  neomin and frasin we have ointment this one is   available as ointment and this one is available  as ey drops neas and ey drops are available so   this is drops or ointment say yes if you got it  can you see it once so total 10 aminoglycosides   are there total 10 aminoglycosides are there out  of them eight are systemic and two of them are   topical can we learn can we learn kindly provide  some okay stanks K YES Prep this is better one   stank Skippy thank you pradep thank you stank  Skippy you can learn these are the eight H St   gapy and here FN NF or FN whatever you learn so  can you see the full form once only once so there   are two s streptomycin cisin there are two s  tobra Amin NE uh this is not neason this one   is neason but this one is natal natal Mason Genta  kaam paramin and this one is fromin and neomin so   you get questions on that please learn please  learn so this is the classification now see   see the classification here we were having seven  tetracyclin here we are having 10 aminoglycoside   you know seven 3 + 2 2 + 2 you know the names I  guess and here 8+ 2 you know the names I guess   and here we don't have any classification that is  chlorum phicol that is the only drug now coming   on Spectrum Spectrum see it was broad spectrum  this was also broad spectrum here it is acting   only for GR negative Baseline it is acting  only for this category gr negative Baseline   not for cocine neither gr positive cocine nor gr  negative cocine nor gram positive Bas life it is   having a limited spectrum that is gr negative  BAS May aerobic only aerobic gr negative Bas   to be specific it's very narrow Spectrum it's  not broad spectrum it's narrow it kills only gr   negative basil that to aerobic that is aerobic  gr negative basil that's it not other drugs not   other drugs say yes so this is the Spectrum now  coming on mechanism of action it inhibit First   Step initiation it inhibit the P window P window  so it inhibit the P window can you see it block   P window it block P window that's why it inhibit  the first step that is initiation the first step   initiation is inhibited the first step H and it  binds with 30s also 50s also and Junction also   now compare this one was binding with 30s this one  was binding with 50s this one is binding with 30s   also 50s also and as a junction of 30 plus 50s  this one was inhibiting a window that is Step   number two this one was inhibiting P2 a transfer  that is Step number three this one is inhibiting   p window that is Step number one I hope you know  the steps if you have missed my initial lecture   from the beginning today please watch it later  after the live session is over please watch it   don't miss it you can understand the number of the  step I'm talking about okay so please understand   this is the mechanism of action and this one is  both bacterio static as well as Sidle this one   was only static it was inhibiting the growth not  killing this one was also inhibiting the growth   not killing this is inhibiting the growth also  as well as killing also so bacterio static as   well as Sidle say yes if you got it say yes now  coming on the adverse effect I will give you a   pneumonic what is the adverse effect pneumonic  for aminoglycoside the pneumonic is on HT on   HD o n on so o is autotoxicity it is autotoxic  autotoxicity always means you know inside the   ear we have two things what is the function of  the ear why God has provided this organ as the   ear inside which there are two structure we have  cocka cocka it is useful for hearing you know we   have a ccka 2 and a half ton which is useful for  hearing and we have vestibule you know three semi   semicircular canals are there vestri apparatus  vestri vestibular apparatus H that is three semi   circular canals that is that is for balancing so  ear is required for two things number one hearing   we hear with our ears and number two we do the  balancing we do the balancing if something you   know uh the the the floor is not uniform if I'm  falling I will immediately hold something I'm   having a balancing you know sense of balancing so  balancing is done by the vestibular repetitor so   whenever I say autotoxic your question should be  ma'am C toxic or vestibular toxic is it cot toxic   or VES toxic I taught you the first drug what is  the first drug I taught you today tetracyclin what   were the adverse effect of Tet second l adwani l  ad ad PT teacher PT teacher so ad V what is v it   is vular toxic so this one was inhibiting Vesti  this one is inhibiting both I mean it is toxic   for Co also V also so tetracyclin cause problem  in the balancing so patient have vertigo but this   one have vertigo also and this deafness also so  it cause deafness also and vertigo also it is B   toxic that's what I mean if you got my point so it  is B toxic aminoglycoside or coox toxic as well as   vestibulo toxic H the point is that cocko toxicity  is irreversible once you stop the drug also it's   irreversible but Vesti toxicity is reversible  once you stop the drug in the next few months   it will be reversible so never give aminoglycoside  in high dose or for more days as in when required   so you should calculate the dose according to  the weight of the patient according to the GFR   of the patient then only you have to give in that  particular dose if you giving more aminoglycoside   in higher dose or for more days prolong period  patient can become deaf by leral dep and it is   irreversible once you stop the drug the patient  will not hear again in life and patient will kill   you patient will Su you so please beware never  give aminoglycoside in higher doses so give it   on Lower doses only the prescribed doses say  yes this is the reason okay so autotoxicity may   both toxicity is there in which the C toxicity is  irreversible but vestibular toxicity is reversible   n there are two n one is nephrotoxicity kidney  damage it's reversible and third is neuromuscular   blockage neuromuscular blockage patient can have  weakness okay as atile Coline receptors okay so   neuromuscular blockage H is hypers sensitivity  hypersensitivity is caused by all drugs that   is allergy and T is teratogenic like tetracyclines  only it's teratogenic so on HD this is the adverse   effects okay the adverse effects are on HD you  can compare the adverse effects of the three   drugs LK PT teacher that is tetracyclin big  Super Hyper that is for chlorinol and on HT   is for aminoglycoside in the end we will say the  full forms again now coming on the users for users   unfortunately I don't have any pneumonic you have  have to learn here so uses of aminoglycoside the   uses is like this you can learn for gram negative  infections we give because it is active only for   gram negative basil for active it is active only  for GR negative aerobic basila so we give only for   those infections so gr negative basila infections  number one we give it in TB also TB also we give   it in intestinal anti subsis also we give in  tape form and amasis parasitic infections also   and for topical application in the ey drops  neomin frasin we give okay H for conjunctive   atst we give so these are the uses you can learn  okay basically it is for GR negative basil if you   want to learn the main use okay coming on the last  one iasin then we will compare coming on aromasin   iasin is one of the macro what do you mean by  macro macro means big so here the ring is very   big macro lactone ring is there with multiple  attached sugar can you see the ring it's not a   Benzene can you see Benzene is a six carbon ring  it's multiple carbon can you see the big ring at   the center and the multiple sugars attage that  so it is known as macrolite because because it   is a big big ring with multiple sugars attached  that is the meaning of the macrolite what is the   classification here we are having five drugs what  are the five drugs iasin royin clomin aasin spyin   okay and nowadays tacrolimus tacrolimus is not an  antibiotic it is a immunosuppress drug but this   one is also a macrolite but in antibiotics you can  learn these five name you can make some pneumonic   and if you have some pneumonic you can give it to  me make car es es car s e car car s e car or you   can make some better one if you have okay so we  are having ithin okay spomin Clarin asrasin and   Roxy royin or you can make some better pneumonic  and if you have some rais tea someone is giving   the pneumonic ra te pradep very good you are good  at pneumonics prep okay good one so ra te you can   learn that also okay so whatever you learn the  five you have to learn ra T so you can write   down race T here I like that race T so these are  the five five macro lies among them ithin is the   Prototype what is the Spectrum okay okay we will  revise the Spectrum everyone on the screen come   come come tetr Spectrum what was the spectrum  of tetracyclin same all four what are the four   categories same gr positive Cai gr negative Cai  gr positive B gr negativea what was the spectrum   of Chlor phicol s again all four all four the  same four all four what was the spectrum of   Amo glycoside see only gr negative Baseline only  only G negative Baseline so the other three were   not feeling good the other three were feeling  bad that we are not included here so the last   category we included the other three you got my  point see except gr negative basil except gram   negative basil the other three are included  here that is gr positive Kai gr negative Kai   and gr positive basil but not gr negative basil  which was included here and these two categories   include all four this is the easiest way you can  learn the Spectrum this is the easiest way you   can learn the Spectrum okay uh Shivam you can  learn the doses in the tubulated form in the   end in the end I can give you the table tubulated  form the doses for the children the doses for the   adults H in the children they are hardly given  in the adults you can learn the dosin properly   okay the main thing is the mechanism of action  uses an adverse effect um on which Maximum mcqs   come dozing but if you're preparing for your  second Prof University exam then you have to   write dosings also okay got my point now see  the Spectrum compare the spectrum of all four   now coming on mechanism of action it it inhib  the last step step number four that is translo   loation translocation in which the ribosome is  jumping by one codone so it is it is inhibiting   a2p shift in which the ribosome is jumping by one  codon that is a2p shift got it so it is a2p shift   you can see here is the cross a2p shift the  ribosome is jumping by one codon that is it   is inhibiting the translocation whilea step that  is a top and it acts on the 50s now compare now   see don't change the sequence if you don't change  the sequence tetracycline chlorinol aminoglycoside   and derrin things are super simple if you change  the sequence you will get confused tetracyclin act   on 30s please learn it by heart tetracyclin act  on 30s chlorum phicol act on 50s aminoglycoside   act on Bo 30 also 50 also Junction also and errin  again act on 50s please you get questions on that   learn now learn what they are blocking tetran  block a window okay this block a window chlorum   ficol block P2 a shift okay aminoglycoside block  P window and this aryin block a top shift now   you can understand this is the easiest way I'm  telling you and you know the step number also   which exact step number they are blocking say yes  if you got it this is also bacteriostatic this is   also bacteriostatic this is also bacteriostatic  except aminoglycoside they all are bacteriostatic   aminoglycoside is both bacteriostatic as well as  Sid got my point now coming on adverse effect and   uses I will give you two pneumonics so coming  on the adverse effects of the iasin adverse   effect the ponic is macro what is macro m a c r o  macro m stand for Molin receptors it is a motilin   receptor Agonist not antagonist it is Agonist  you will say what are motilin receptors so in   the esophagus stomach and the intestine there  are certain receptors which are known as motilin   receptors in the git we all have that receptors  we all have that receptors what does these These   are known as motilin receptors so whenever we are  taking aromasin the aromasin will go and do the   job of it is stimulating these receptors it is  Agonist for these receptors these receptors once   stimulated they will do the parisis so patient  can have diarrhea patient can have diarrhea got   my point so Morin receptor Agonist is there Morin  receptor M for Morin receptor Agonist M A A A is   for allergy allergy is hypers Sensitivity I told  you know allergy or hypersensivity is there in   all all antibiotic it's a side effect C is CL  colestasis that is joinus it causes joinus also   colestasis and R is reversible autotoxicity  so it is also autotoxic but this time it's   reversible in contrast to aminoglycoside where  autotoxicity was irreversible so I taught you   autotoxicity in two drugs I taught you autox oity  here also and here also here it's irreversible and   here it's reversible got my point here was O was  autotoxicity on HD is autotoxicity or macro o see   o is coming here also o is coming here also both  o are autotoxicity but this one is irreversible   this one is reversible so that is macro and the  uses is claw the pneumonic of the uses is CL a   w claw c stand for three things that is chanro  caused by hemophilus degree it's the acdd okay   it's acdd CNE bacterium DP okay and ciloa so canro  corny bacterium and ciloa these are the three c l   for leonilla a for atypical pneumonia and W for  booping cuff whooping cuff is caused by Body TAA   we all know so that is the side effects and uses  I hope you all got it see now compare the side   effect compare the users the main thing you have  to learn this is the master table first everyone   give me a thumbs up if you got this master table  if you have missed the lecture from the beginning   please watch it after the live session is over  please you can't afford to miss it in the same way   I am teaching you I'm going to teach you entire  pharmacology like like this entire pharmacology   in the entire pharmacology we are having 120 drugs  so we can make tables tables tables chapter-wise H   all the protein synthesis inhibiters are there now  the next s I'm taking beta elom so I will give you   a comparative table of the beta elom all the beta  electons at one page okay now then I will teach   you the you know anti metabolic uh an antibiotics  so we will take them on one page so all the CVS   drug on one page all the anti-hypertensives on one  page in this way we can combine combine combine in   the end we will be having 20 to 25 Pages entire  pharmacology compacted the headings will remain   same for all pharmacology my headings are same  this is a way you should read pharmacology you   will never forget in the end before going to your  exam whatever exam you are targeting for just read   that Master tables I call them Master tables  so try to make Master tables of entire this   pharmacology like this only uh this is the way you  should learn pic otherwise it's a very volatile   subject you will read it today tomorrow you will  forget if you if you don't make the pneumonics for   adverse effect and uses you will forget if you  have the pneumonic there is a chance you will   forget but there is a chance you can remember also  you will think no l to l what does this L stand   for so you may have a clue L maybe lever damage so  you can have a like you know you can have a clue   like that so if you know the pneumonic it's better  otherwise you cannot learn the adverse effect and   uses of all the Prototype drugs and try to learn  the Prototype drugs in this way only got it say   yes now please see the adverse effect of all four  okay here LK PT teacher here big Super Hyper okay   here it's on HD here it's macro you want me to  say the full form or you will learn by yourself   and see the users of all four see the users here  it's vacuum bedroom 2 here bear TB here claw so   please say the full form to say to your friend  write it down on a paper and stick on the wall   and learn the Spectrum learning spectrum is very  easy very easy these two are broad spectrum these   two are narrow Spectrum in the narrow Spectrum  you should be specific against which category   it's functional and the ultra important which  you cannot miss you have to learn the mechanism   of action in the mechanism of action you have  to learn which ribosome it is acting tetrac   cycling on 30s chlorinol on 50s aminoglycoside  on both and errin again on 50s which window they   are blocking aminoglycoside blocking a window  chlorinol blocking a top shift a top I'm sorry   it's P2 a shift blocking P2 a shift aminoglycoside  blocking P window and erasing blocking a top shift   so you have to learn that window and which one is  bacterio static which one is bacteriocidal all of   them are bacteriostatic except aminoglycoside  which is bacterio static as well as you have to   learn the classification I assume classification  you already know and structure if you don't learn   also it's okay structure is Frankly Speaking not  important they don't ask you the structure but   this is a way you have to learn okay I will take  sessions more and more sessions on the YouTube   okay so you can text the topic you want from my my  side I will give you a contact number on which you   can send the text and if I'm getting many messages  on the same topic many requests by the students on   the same topic I will conduct that on the YouTube  Okay so this series is never ending on YouTube we   will be live every Monday every Wednesday and  every Friday 9:30 a.m. in the morning with the   topic on demand whatever topic you demand we will  present here okay anyways so this is the master   table everyone got it give me a thumbs up if you  got it if you have got this master table you are   ready to solve the mcqs huh apply the pneumonics  and solve the mcqs let's see some mcqs the first   question is in front of you um which are the  following is a side effect of strepto masin   first you tell me what is strepto masin in which  category it is coming is it a tety say no is it   a Chlor ficon no is it macrolite no it is it is  aminoglycoside how many type of aminoglycosides   I told you I told you aminoglycosides are total  10 eight of them are systemic and two of them are   tropical so systemic I told you the pneumonic  for the systemic we have learned stanks stanks   cap stank cap one of the s strpas in this way  first recognize a drug the drug recognize in   which category it is coming and the tropical one  were NF H so it is it is aminoglycoside they are   asking the side effect of aminoglycoside use your  master table they are asking the side effect of   aminoglycoside the side effect is on HT the  side effect is on HD okay so write down the   pneumonic here and apply it on HD okay autotoxic  okay autotoxicity neurotox uh nephrotoxicity and   neuromuscular blockage hypers it and teratogenic  now have a look on the option photox is coming   here no it's not coming hepatotoxity is coming  here no it's not coming but autotoxicity is coming   so answer is c not D answer is c not D say yes if  you got it say h why you are not giving the answer   please write down answer in the chat box please  you got it this is a way here is how we applied   the pneumonic so first learn the pneumonic learn  the full form of the pneumonic and try to apply   it in the questions as much as you possible so  that it will be easy for you I know so coming   on the next question tetracyclin inhibit protein  synthesis by what they are asking the exact step   the first tetracyclin does it inhibit initiation  huh does it bind to the 30s and inhibit The   Binding of new Amino ay TRNA does it inhibit the  peptide peptide bond formation or does it inhibit   the translocation so these are the four step  this is Step number one this is Step number two   this is Step number three and this is last step  number four so which Step it is blocking I told   you there are four steps now which exact step  it is blocking can you give the answer in the   chat box anyone if if you know so I told you it  blocked the Second Step It bind with the 30s and   it blocked the a window it blocked the a window  so new amino acid cannot come on that so correct   answer is b h if I change the same question  instead of tetracyclin if I do aminoglycoside   so answer is one it inhibit initiation step  number one if I change the question to chlorum   fenicol answer will become C it inhibit peptide  peptide bond formation step number three and if   I change the question and do iasin or any of the  macro light as the thomasin proxy so answer will   become D in that case in that case answer will  become D you all are right absolutely right so   I am I'm creating four mcqs here I have given only  one but four mcqs can be created the options will   remain same if I change the any an uh drug in the  question I will not give you aminoglycoside I will   give you a particular drug I will ask canamy  I will ask paramin so you should identify it's   aminoglycoside so I'm judging two things whether  you know classification yes or no and you know   mechanism of action yes or no got it coming on the  next question the next question is in front of you   tetrac cycling inhibit protein synthesis by acting  on which segment of the ribosome Tetra cycling   act on 30s or it act on 50s or it act on both or  it act on 60s H where does it act huh so I told   you through four drugs now tetracyclin chlorinol  aminoglycoside and macroides that is aromasin H   so I told you this one act on 30s this one act  on 50s this one act on both 3050 and Junction   and this one act on 50s so what they are asking  they are asking for tetracyclin so answer is 30s   answer here is 30s but if I change the question  to chlorum phicol answer will become 50 if I   change the question to any of the aminoglycoside  like streptomycin or any of the aminoglycoside   answer will become four both answer will become  C so in this way you should be able to answer all last year they asked tetracyclin but every  year they will not ask tetracyclin it's a topic   which is important you should be prepared for  all questions got it so it's important teas L   the next is gray baby syndrome where it is coming  gray baby syndrome is caused by wi drug so it is   it is it is the side effect of which drug so it  is a side effect of Chlor phenicol the pneumonic   I told you is Big Super Hyper big Super Hyper G  stand for GR baby syndrome the G is standing for   GR baby syndrome it is bone marot toxicity the  most fatal side effect I is irritative G is gr   baby syndrome this is super infection this  is hypers sensitivity so answer is chlorum   fenol got it the correct answer is chlorinol the  next question what is the mechanism of action of   strepto masin what is the strept masin first tell  me the category of the drug it is belonging so it   is one of the aminoglycoside one of the amog  glycosite and stanks KP s so it is one of the   aminoglycoside so what is the mechanism of action  of aminoglycoside does it inhibit translation does   it inhibit signal transduction does it inhibit  citric acid cycle or does it inhibit mitochondria   the question is very simple we know aminoglycoside  are protein synthesis Inhibitors so they inhibit   translation they inhibit translation the correct  answer is a and you all are right the next   question is in front of you which of the following  aminoglycoside is not available for parentral use   I told you total 10 aminoglycoside H the question  is based on classification out of which eight are   systemic systemic means parental okay and two of  them are topical so what they are asking see how   many of them are systemic uh eight what is the  pneumonic stanks stanks KP and here the neonic   is NF H they are asking which of the following  is not not systemic which of the following is   not parentral parentral means systemic so which of  them so cisin is coming here amasan is also coming   here you can see this is amasan and gamas is also  coming here but you can see fromin is coming there   so frin is available for topical use it is not  available for systemic use it is available as an   ointment so correct answer is C in this way you  get easy easy questions if you know it it's very   you know you know the classifications you know the  pneumonics it's very easy to crack fora which of   the following is the side effect of streptomycin  streptomycin is again aminoglycoside what is the   neonic on HD on HD okay it's a repeat question  I guess okay which of the following acts on the   Morin receptors is it ithomas tetracyclin norlo or  chenod Morin receptors yes the correct answer is   aromasin which is one of the macroy the pneumonic  is macro the pneumonic is macro these are the side   effects it is Morin receptor Aon I'm sorry m stand  for Morin receptor Agonist this is allergy this   one is allergy this one is colesis that is join  us and reversible autotoxicity so correct answer   is ithomas if you want the notes along with the  master table of this it's available the link is   given in the chat box if you see the chat box  there is a there's a link given at the initial   um where the chat is starting and the link is  pinned if you click on the link you will be   diverted towards the notes not only this notes all  my YouTube session notes which I'm taking in the   series that live sessions on the YouTube the notes  are available there so you can read there you can   copy you can make your notes you can read from  there the notes are available okay and thank you   for your kind attention your time if you like the  session don't forget to click on the like button   share with your friends colleagues everyone those  who want to crack pharmacology please share this   link okay and those who want to understand how  to read pharmacology students ask me' we forget   we read we forget so this is a way you should  read the pharmacology making master table is   the uh only thing you can learn the pharmacology  okay now here is a QR code given to you you can   scan it you will be diverted towards our website  that is medli by Dr pra.com where you can connect   with me on various social media platforms that is  Instagram telegram WhatsApp group where I share U   you know more and more study related material for  your exams with you okay of multiple subjects and   here is a contact number given to you that is  9321 01485 on which this is for chat support on   which you can ask your queries related to any of  the subject which I'm teaching or you can text me   the topic on demand which you want you by my side  you want me to take on the YouTube you can uh text   that topic also if I'm getting multiple requests  on the same topic I will schedule it soon on the   YouTube thank you so much every Monday Wednesday  Friday in the morning we take a live session at   9:30 a.m. in the morning every Monday Wednesday  Friday so today we took a session on the protein   synthesis iner the 18th of December the next  is on 20th of December so on 20th of December   on Wednesday I will see you again with beta Lam  antibi biotics in the same Master chart tubulated   manner so don't dare to miss uh that uh uh session  it will be very useful for all of you and thank   you so much for being with me thank you thank you  for your compliments for your comments thank you   so much so hope to see you again hope to see you  again so wenesday morning every Monday wenesday   Friday 9:30 a.m. in the morning and if you have  any Topic in your mind and you want me to take   it on uh YouTube live you can uh uh uh text that  topic on that contact number which I have provided   to you okay thank you so much bye-bye wishing  you all the best bye I'm ending the session