Biotechnology is the application of biological processes to develop products for human welfare, with genetic engineering being a key technique involving the manipulation of DNA. Restriction endonucleases are enzymes that recognize specific palindromic DNA sequences and cut DNA at precise locations, creating sticky ends that facilitate DNA cloning. The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplifies specific DNA sequences through repeated cycles of denaturation, primer annealing, and extension using heat-stable DNA polymerase. Cloning vectors like plasmids carry foreign DNA into host cells, with selectable markers (such as antibiotic resistance genes) enabling identification of transformed cells. Bioreactors are large vessels used for large-scale production of biological products, requiring controlled conditions of temperature, pH, and oxygen levels. Downstream processing involves the purification and isolation of desired products from the bioreactor.
Biotechnology in One Shot: Principles & Processes Class 12 WBCHSE/NEET
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