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Radioactive decay occurs through three main processes: alpha decay emits helium nuclei (two protons and two neutrons), reducing the mass number by 4 and atomic number by 2 while changing the atom to a different element; beta decay involves beta-minus decay (neutron converts to proton, emitting an electron) or beta-plus decay (proton converts to neutron, emitting a positron), both changing the atomic number but not the mass number; gamma decay releases high-energy electromagnetic radiation without changing the nucleus composition. Alpha particles have low penetration power and are stopped by paper or skin, beta particles penetrate further but are blocked by aluminum foil, while gamma rays penetrate deeply and require thick lead or concrete to stop. Alpha decay is least harmful to living tissue, while gamma decay is most damaging due to its high penetration capability.
Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay: Visual Guide in Nuclear Physics
Added:There are three types of radioactive decay: alpha decay, beta decay and gamma decay.
Learning about these forms of nuclear decay is a crucial part of any nuclear physics course.
I am a Belgian nuclear medicine resident and in this video, I’ll go over each specific form and explain it as simply as possible.
Let's start with alpha decay.
Alpha decay occurs when a nucleus emits what’s called an “alpha particle”.
An alpha particle is a combination of two protons and two neutrons, which if you know your periodic table you’ll recognize as a helium nucleus.
The process is fairly easy to understand in terms of the mass and properties of the resulting atom: It loses four from its mass number (two from the protons and two from the electrons) and two from its atomic number (from the two protons lost).
This means that the original atom becomes a different element after undergoing alpha decay.
The alpha particles are often very energetic, but because of their massive size, they cannot travel very far before they lose this energy.
They have ‘very low penetration power’.
Because of this low penetration power, alpha particles are easily stopped by a sheet of paper or the outside layer of the human skin and are only a potential health concern if they are ingested or inhaled.
Alexander Litvinenko is a famous example.
He was poisoned by polonium-210, an alpha emitter.
The alpha radiation damages DNA and creates lots of very reactive free radical ions that can do further damage.
One specific result is a reduction in your white blood cell count which, apart from anything else, can make you more susceptible to infection and requires blood and platelet transfusions.
The liver, kidneys, spleen and bone marrow are particular targets and are massively damaged by the alpha-radiation.
The rapid damage to the gastrointestinal tract causes nausea and vomiting.
Bone marrow failure can result in days.
One other target is hair follicles, which is why Litvinenko lost his hair before he died.
Alexander is not the first casualty of polonium.
In 1956, Marie Curie’s daughter died of leukemia that she is believed to have contracted through exposure to polonium years before.
The second type of decay that we’ll discuss today is beta decay.
Beta-decay is a process in which atoms emit beta particles.
Beta particles are electrons with high energy.
They are much smaller than an alpha particle, which means that they can travel further before being stopped, but they can be stopped by a layer of clothing or a sheet of aluminum foil.
Equally, its small size results in its ionizing power being considerably smaller than that of alpha particles (by about 10 times).
This stems from the fact that the human body is mainly made up of ‘empty’ space.
The smaller the particle, the lower the risk of it colliding with parts of an atom which, in turn, lowers the risk of damage.
Beta-decay occurs when an atom has either too many protons or too many neutrons in its nucleus.
There are two main types of beta decay.
Beta-plus decay is when a proton turns into a neutron, with the release of a beta-plus particle along with an uncharged, near-massless particle called a neutrino.
As a result of this process, the daughter atom will have one less proton and one more neutron than the parent atom, but the overall mass number will remain the same.
Beta-minus decay is essentially the opposite process of beta-plus decay.
During this process, a neutron turns into a proton, with the release of a beta-minus particle and an electron antineutrino.
Because of this process, the daughter atom will have one less neutron and one more proton than the parent atom.
Negative beta decay is far more common than positive beta decay.
In a process known as brachytherapy, beta radioisotopes can be used to irradiate areas inside a patient to prevent the growth of certain cancers.
The emission of beta particles is also used indirectly in the medical scanning technique known as positron emission tomography (PET).
Fluorine-18 - one of the several isotopes that are routinely used in pet imaging - decays by positron emission resulting in stable oxygen-18.
The nucleus of fluorine-18 is unstable as it is proton-rich, as such; a proton converts to a neutron and emits a positron or a beta plus particle and neutrino.
A positron or beta plus particle is an antimatter particle which is similar to an electron but has a positive charge.
The third type of decay that we’ll discuss today is gamma decay.
What separates this type of decay process from alpha or beta decay is that no particles are ejected from the nucleus.
Instead, a high-energy form of electromagnetic radiation - a gamma-ray photon - is released.
Gamma radiation is part of the electromagnetic spectrum, just like visible light.
However, unlike visible light, humans cannot see gamma rays, because they have a much higher frequency and energy than visible light.
As well, gamma radiation is unique in the sense that undergoing gamma decay does not change the structure or composition of the atom.
This type of radiation is able to penetrate most common substances, including metals.
The only substances that can absorb this radiation are thick lead and concrete.
Since it penetrates so easily, gamma rays are widely used in medicine and specifically in the area of oncology to treat malignant tumours.
In a controlled procedure, gamma rays are employed as a “gamma knife” consisting of multiple concentrated beams of gamma rays that are focused directly onto a tumour to kill the cancer cells.
Gamma rays are also used to preserve food in the same way as they are used to sterilize medical equipment.
Cobalt 60 produces low amounts of gamma radiation, which kills bacteria, insects, and yeast while otherwise causing no significant changes in the food’s content.
Here’s a quick summary: In alpha decay, the nucleus loses two protons.
In beta decay, the nucleus either loses a proton (beta plus decay) or gains a proton (beta minus decay).
Both alpha and beta decay change the number of protons in an atom’s nucleus, thereby changing the atom to a different element.
In gamma decay, no change in proton number occurs, so the atom does not become a different element.
Radioactive decay can damage living things.
Alpha decay is the least damaging, and gamma decay is the most damaging.
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