Literary Movements in English Literature | Complete Overview

[00:00:00]hey are you ready for a discussion on the periods and movements in literature we'll go over the entire history of literature through the various periods and the movements okay first about greco-roman classicism greco-roman classicism started in the bcs and first there was classical period in greece after that classical period in rome what is classicism classicism is an aesthetic aptitude dependent on principles based in the culture art and literature of ancient greece and rome i will explain classicism is an aesthetic attitude it's an aesthetic movement what is it based on the principles of culture art and literature of ancient greece and rome starting from the 6th century bc to the 1st century a.d what did classism emphasize it emphasized the form simplicity proportion clarity of structure perfection what does all that mean classicism emphasizes on form classicism gave importance to meet up to stanza to formal structures classicism also believed that literature should be very simple the form should be very ordered and complicated but literature itself should be simple it should have proportion it should follow the rules and it should have proportion clarity of structure perfection romanticism is even more complicated because of uh self-expression of the other but classicism focuses on clarity of structure perfection restrained emotion emotion should not be let loose instead intellect is what is important that is what classes is believed the greek classical period is called the golden age of greece it was the time when the city-states or policies came into being early democracy came into being athens was the most important city state and there developed art poetry architecture drama philosophy all these uh disciplines contemporary disciplines originated in classical greece and the classical greece was the period of uh esop plato aristotle euripides socrates aeschylus all these people you know that right what about roman period roman period gave sorry came after the greek classical period greece declined politically and rome began to rule greece that is when roman classicism began roman classicism was modeled on greek classicism roman classicism was the result of romans uh copying greek classicism after rome conquered greece romans copied greek classicism did you understand at this time roman republic gave way to roman empire julius caesar died and there was civil war and roman empire under augustus caesar had come into being and this was the time when rome also established its empire the roman empire was also founded this is the time when virgil horus etc were important writers lucretius cicero these were all very important writers in rome so i have given some major figures here of the greek or roman classes as the major figures are ace killers so forkless europeanus they were both all three of them were tragediens then aristophanes was the comedy writer then plato and aristotle were philosophers pindar was lyric poet all of them were in greece what about rome there was virgil who wrote a need horus and ovid now tell me what did all these people write ace killers wrote the orestia which includes agamemnon libation bearers and human ids three place it's a trilogy the oristia trilogy then there is so focus so focus gave importance to uh sorry sophocles wrote uh the thieben trilogy euripides wrote media plato wrote republic aristotle wrote poetics pindar wrote odds virgil wrote a need horace wrote the satires and odds and ovid wrote metamorphosis i suppose uh you got that all of you so this is about grieco roman classicism shall we move on then there is renaissance wait a minute did i make a mistake no sorry uh renaissance the renaissance period is uh starting from the 14th century itself but actually high renaissance is 16 to 17th century so starting from the uh 15th the 14th 15th centuries we see that we usually say that in england chaucer is the first renaissance writer chaucer lived in the 14th century and the wars of the roses the wars of the roses uh 1455-85 it ended with the tudor dynasty being established tudor dynasty is the first period in renaissance at the end of the tudor dynasty came jacobian period after that came at the end of the tudor dynasty elizabethan period after that jacobian period then caroline period the period of charles the first then puritan indirectness or the period of uh oliver cromwell's lord protectorship all this is within renaissance if you are confused i'll say that again renaissance means early tudor period that is starting from 1485 when the wars of the roses ended after that there is elizabethan period end of the tudor period is elizabethan period after that jacobian period that is stewart dynasty after that caroline period that is the period of charles the first after that commonwealth or puritan indirectness the period of oliver crumble so and after that restoration came in um 1660 restoration of monarchy all this is renaissance renaissance is the period of european cultural artistic political and economic rebirth during this time in the renaissance there was throughout europe artistic cultural political and economic rebirth following the middle ages the medieval period came before this the medieval period is starting from norman conquest to renaissance in the medieval period the church was very predominant latin and french were important languages but in the renaissance period uh english became the major language in england literary language in england in the renaissance period vernacular spoken languages became prominent and the renaissance promoted the rediscovery of classical philosophy literature and art literature was reborn in this time in the renaissance period and the tuda period was a time of uh great uh you know flowering of literature it was the golden age especially the elizabethan period was the golden age of literature now uh the major figures i have written from across europe lorenzo de medici was a major patron in italy leonardo da vinci michelangelo and copper nicos petrarch they were all major italians raphael some of them were scientists like copernicus and galileo others were artists mountain machiavelli they were uh writers william shakespeare university wits ben johnson john dunn they were all writers of the renaissance john milton is regarded as the last of the renaissance writers did you get that okay shall we move on the english civil war period the civil war is puritan in the regnum it comes within the renaissance period actually and what happened was in the 17th century there was the civil war between the puritans on the one hand and the royalists on the other the puritans were called round heads the royalists were called cavaliers and in the civil war charles the first was beheaded king charles the first was beheaded and oliver cromwell became the lord protector of england there was no king at this time and after the puritan indirectness puritan ruled there was the restoration of monarchy did you understand now english civil war period is a series of civil war with civil wars between parliamentarians or the round heads they are the puritans and the royalists they are the cavaliers this led to regicide regicide means death of the king murder of the king and there was the puritan india ragnam under the lord protector oliver cromwell oliver crumble um was the uh was the great grand nephew of thomas crumble who was very major figure during the reformation in the renaissance period there were two major events one was humanism the other was reformation the english civil war was the result of reformation in the reformation catholic church was replaced by the anglican church in england anglican church is a part of the protestant church did you get that now the major writers of the english civil war period are john milton jeremy taylor he was milton's adversary or enemy and thomas brown what did john milton write john milton wrote paradise lost paradise regained and samson agonistus these are the main works of milton he has also written early works like allegro and ill penceroso he has also written uh licidus jeremy taylor wrote holy living and holy dying thomas brown wrote religio medici on burial then the cavalier poets the cavalier poets lived from the 1640s to 50s only for a short while they were the supporters of english king rich charles the first 17th century english royalist poets they wrote primarily about courtly love and they wrote in a very easy melee flower style very style uh using stock images etc musicality etc they were all inspired by ben johnson that's why they were called sons of men the cavalier poets were unlike the metaphysical poets metaphysical poets wrote a very disturbing poetry cerebral poetry but kevin poets wrote easy smooth poetry they wrote lyric poems mostly small lyrics but not sonnets just plain lyrics they celebrated courtly themes of beauty love nature sensuality drinking good fellowship or friendship honor and social life in many ways this poetry embodies the attitude called carpaldium or c is the ray that is common to metaphysical poets also the cavalier poets worshiped the king uh the monarch and they uh used platonic platonic love in their poetry clear the important figures are richard lovelace john suckling then william davenant robert herrick and thomas carrier also metaphysical poets they wrote both cavalier poetry and metaphysical poetry then there was edmund waller then the metaphysical poets they also wrote in the mid 19th century some of them lived in early 17th century not 1917.

[00:12:52]some of them lived in the early 17th century itself like george herbert etc the it was a 17th century english movement that used extended conceits and it was mostly about religion but they also wrote about love metaphysical poetry their poems were highly intellectualized against unlike elizabethan poetry their poems were highly intellectualized and metaphysical poets used rather strange imagery they drew their images from chemistry astronomy all sorts of sciences and they used frequent paradoxes metaphysical poetry used frequent paradoxes uh that is called metaphysical conceits also they employed far-fetched images called metaphysical conceits and they contained extremely complicated thoughts their thought process was very complicated major figures are john dunn george herbert and andrew marvel john dunn george herbert andrew marvel many are there abraham kawali herrick can carry you henry vaughan some of the metaphysical poets were religious boys like george herbert henry vaughn and thomas trahan now amitari fiction have you heard of that amateur fiction was a kind of romantic fiction popular around 1660 to 1730 a military fiction is romantic fiction uh popular from the restoration it is notable for preceding the modern novel form it came before the modern novel and it produced several female authors their works focused on romantic interests sometimes sex and emotions major figures were the fair triumvirates they are eliza haywood de la river manly and afraban you must have heard of half robin he wrote uru noko the royal slave they are the fair triumvirate that means the three women writers okay all right next is restoration comedy comedy of manners it is comedy of manners flourished from a very early time shakespeare also wrote comedy of manners comedy of manners originated in the greek comedy of menander later plotters and terrance but now in the 17th century after the restoration comedy of manners came to be called restoration comedy at that time comedy of manners focused on marriage and the game of love restoration comedy was aristocratic comedy that focused on marriage and the game of love not pure self-love love but the game of love there would be intrigue and plotting wit and sparkle of dialogue these plays were satirical and they dealt with social life and politics how using satire and also the heroic couplet restoration comedy was predominantly aristocratic and licentious they employed aristocratic themes upper class characters it was licentious that means the morality was shown on stage and it was attacked by puritans like jeremy collier major figures of restoration comedy were william by shelley william congress george ethraj etc they were all people from veloph families they went and lived in france and they wrote all their comedies at a very young age why shall he's country wife congreves way of the world etc very important very famous then the sentimental tradition it is a movement in literature called sentimentalism or sensibility literature of sensibility we say it prioritize the feeling against the restoration tradition the sentimental tradition was middle class it was a middle class phenomenon middle class reaction against restoration literature and culture it reflected the emphasis on compassion on feeling feeling compassion these were important uh there was both novel sentimental novel and sentimental drama the sentimental novel or the novel of sensibility is an 18th century literary genre which celebrated the emotional and intellectual concepts of sentiment sentimentalism and sensibility there is a slight difference between these terms the genre influenced the drama also cinnamon drama also works in this tradition were based on actions and reactions upon emotions and feelings in preference to reason they gave importance to emotions and feelings instead of reason the movement was also associated with social causes like abolitionism uh you know sentimental tradition saw uh deep dark passions social causes etc uncle tom's cabin for example is a major uh text of this uh movement uh hannah moore samuel richardson who wrote pamela oliver goldsmith who wrote the vikar of wakefield lauren stern who wrote a sentimental journey harriet beecher store who wrote uncle tom's cabin all are important figures of the sentimental tradition is that clear shall we move on then the enlightenment the enlightenment was a philosophical moment of the 17th and 18th centuries in europe it was marked by the increased reverence for logic and disdain for superstition you remember this is the uh renaissance period at the end of the renaissance period at this time there was a lot of superstition and religious fighting fighting over religion the enlightenment philosophers were against this they were against religious confusion they advocated logic reason tolerance the period is marked by the rise of deism diesel is a kind of intellectual religion when god does not come in front of you and you have to know god from your reason itself this period is marked by deism an intellectual backlash against earlier puritanism and this was an intellectual backlash this is more intellectual than emotional against puritanism it is deism and also american revolution uh of independence american war of independence was a result of enlightenment so was the french revolution enlightenment philosophers like voltaire and russo inspired the french revolution so who are the major figures in germany we have emmanuel kant georg wilhelm frederich hegel and dennis didero dennis diddler was not in germany he was in france they were in france as a part of enlightenment we have neoclassicism neoclassicism flourished from the restoration period till the publication of lyrical balance neoclassicism is a movement in literature and arts based on classical ideals what are the classical ideas classical ideals are order reason imitation of classics and it was also characterized by skepticism or doubt as well as satire it was the predominant genre importance was given to human nature and wit and proponents practice limitation of the classics neoclassics neoclassical writers include the writers of the restoration period like dryden the writers of augustine age like alexander pope and jonathan swift and also the age of johnson including dr johnson the term neoclassicism originated from the german writer johann yochim winkle man then we have dryden pope swift and johnson like i already said neoclassicism is also called the augustine age remember augustine age in germany at this time there was star mound drang movement star moon drang means storm and stress movement storm and stress movement it was following the enlightenment in germany and it was the precursor to the romantic movement stermund rang was very emotional movement it was named after a play by fredris maximilian klinger star moon drunk literature often features a protagonist who is driven by emotion impulse and other motives that run counter to the enlightenment tradition against enlightenment rationalism the protagonist is driven by emotion and impulse the excellent example is uh goethe's novel the sorrows of young werther girth and schiller were the major figures then the american revolution that's a very important period 1765 that is the year of the stamp act up to 1830 is the period of american revolution roughly however 1776 was the year of declaration of independence and it was not only a political and social movement it was a revolutionary literary movement also american revolution was literally it incorporates both political and literary writings prose as well as poetry in colonial and early revolutionary america major figures were benjamin franklin thomas spain etc benjamin franklin wrote a lot of prose actually the book poor richard zalmanak that is his main famous work thomas paine is the author of the pamphlet common sense it is believed that thomas paine's common sense started the american revolution thomas paine also wrote the uh rights of man and the age of reason rights of man supported french revolution then romanticism romanticism uh flourished from the publication of lyrical balance in 1798 till the first reform act 1832 romanticism originated in uh germany and then came to america and sorry first england then america ramadan system emphasized common life as you know emotion imagination and freedom of expression romanticism is giving importance to rural or common life emotion imagination nature also and freedom of expression major figures are william wordsworth s t coleridge lord byer and pb shelley john keys there are the five major romantics also mary shelley in france there was viktor hugo et cetera then we have american romanticism which is actually different slightly different from french sorry english romanticism american romanticism is predominantly in fiction rather than poetry however transcendentalists wrote some fictionals sorry poetry also unlike english romanticism american romanticism had a strong and sometimes morbid interest in history they dealt with history a lot important figures were washington irving he was the famous short story writer who wrote rip van winkle and legend of sleepy hollow then there was nathaniel hawthorne the author of scarlet letter the house of seven gables then there is ambrose beers later romantic then dark romanticism that is also american and it comes within american romanticism dark romanticism is a 19th century american movement in reaction to transcendentalism transcendentalism you know was very optimistic transcendentalism is the movement of emerson and toro ha i think i did not include transcendentalism in the presentation but i'll just teach you now transcendentalism is uh the movement of emerson and toro they were stationed in concord the place and transcendentalism gave importance to nature learning from nature human beings as part and parcel of god they believed in over soul they believed in self-reliance of americans americans need not turn to the europeans anymore the british anymore they should be self-reliant such ideas and the transcendentalists were very optimistic they believed in human uh excellence against which dark romanticism came they found that man dark romantics found that man is inherently sinful self-destructive and nature is a dark mysterious force that is how they believed the major figures were edgar allen poe the author of gothic romances tales of um the grotesque and the arabesque that is the title of his uh story short story collection he also wrote poetry like the raven then there is nathaniel hawthorne who wrote scarlet letter uh house of the seven gables remember i told you the blyth dale romance blight their romance was written against transcendentalism edgar allan poe called the transcendentalist frog pondians koopa mantugas herman melville was another dark romantic he wrote morbidic and lots of other stories based on seafaring edward arlington robinson he was another major writer during this period then i come to another movement within romanticism called gothic romance or gothic novel in fiction uh romantic ideas are combined in this genre with an interest in the supernatural and in violence gothic romances are set in dungeons and eerie castles medieval castles and there will be very violent heroes women who are victimized supernatural elements in england the tradition was started by horus ballpool also other writers with the castle of patrando clara reeve and radcliffe and ratcliffe is the famous author of mysteries of udolpho william and clara reeve wrote the old english baron then william beckford wrote vartik matthew lewis wrote the monk bram stoker you know wrote dracula there are gothic elements in harper lees to kill a mockingbird and edgar allan poe is a very important gothic writer from america this is the end of the 18th century then 19th century we have in america in england the lake poets the lake poets came from the lake district lake esther eight and such important lakes are there in lake district there were three romantic poets of lake district who were called lake poets they wrote about nature and the sublime there were words with kohler ridge and southern they are the lake poets then the victorian period you know victorian period is the reign of queen victoria actually queen victoria reigned from 1837 to 1901 victorian literature uh is predominantly the the novel the novel came to prominence the poets were also there of course and authors were showing interest in the harsher aspects of life like charles dickens for example he wrote social realism showing the sufferings of the working classes william make me stack ray george eliot bronte sisters uh they were novelists then alfred tennyson browning and arnold are poets ah transcendentalism is there transcendentalism is the american movement starting from the publication of nature by emerson in 1836.

[00:29:10]american transcendentalism is a literary movement it marked a strong interest in nature learning from nature and produced poetry and philosophy concerned with self-reliance and independence from modern technology major figures are emerson and toro however walt whitman was also associated with them then the pre-raphaelite brotherhood came within the victorian period in england late 19th century it's a late 19th century english movement actually began in 1848. it was based ostensibly on undoing the innovations by the undoing what did i mean by that it was based on uh the innovations by the painter undoing of course it sorry correct undoing because they did not follow raphael they went to the period before rafale they went to the period before rafale they did not want to follow any aspect of high renaissance they thought that renaissance is treachery renaissance realism is treachery they wanted to go back to the medieval period who wanted the pre-raphaelite brotherhood they were painters and poets they drew upon the simplicity truthfulness and spirit of devotion in italian painting before rafael and the high renaissance before rafale there was a certain simplicity a truthfulness and spirit of devotion it seems major figures are dante gabriel rossity william hallman hunt john everett millais william morris and christina rossity most of them were painters as well as all of them poets realism next realism is an art movement of the 19th century at the same time as victorian period but it originated in france it was a break with uh romanticism realism was a break with romanticism and it introduced a totally new way of writing by portraying mundane everyday experiences depicting familiar people and places and stories and especially the lower and middle classes literary realism tells stories very truthfully in a life like manner instead of dramatizing or romanticizing it so realist had an interest in everyday life and poverty as well as they were very simple in their perceptions realism in art and literature is based on simplification of style and image important realists were french gustav flaubert who wrote madame babari william dean howells is american sten doll french red and the black he wrote an order balzac is the author of the human comedy a massive collection of stories and novels in russia there was leo crime and punishment brothers karamazov etc frank norris american another man is ikadi kueiros realism gave way to naturalism naturalism that flourished in the early 20th century believed that human beings are products of their environments naturalism is a philosophical movement in literature it's more philosophical than literary naturalism identified humans as animals that what do you mean by that studying their character in relation to their surroundings in other words proponents of naturalism believe that heredity and environment that is the surroundings control people major figures are emily zola in france who wrote nana stephen crane who wrote the red badge of courage gaday mapasan who wrote short stories and theodore drieser in america who wrote an american tragedy sister carey etc so we have come to the beginning of the 20th century at this time in italy there was a movement called very small have you heard of verismo opera it is a branch of realism and naturalism it is derivative of naturalism and realism and it began in post-unification italy in italy there was a political movement called resortimento or unification of italy very small started after that very small literature uses detailed character development based on psychology major figures are giovanni virga very important figure luigi kapuana you don't know them because they are italian then socialist realism emerged in russia in the early 20th century that means realism that uh upholds the values of the socialist party socialist realism is a subset of realist art it focuses on communist values socialist values and realistic depiction the self-expression of the author or distortion of reality nothing is allowed in socialist realism values of the socialist party such as uh middle class sorry working-class people will triumph the bursasi will be defeated such ideas only should be there in literature it developed in the soviet union and was imposed as state policy by stalin anybody not doing not practicing socialist realism were punished not only russians but other people from other socialist countries also part took in the movement major figures were maxim gorky nikolai ostrovsky they're all russian mikhail sherlockov remember this man do you know this man very famous curves and quiet flows the dawn then decadence that is an early 20th uh early late 19th century early 20th century movement decadence in the mid 19th century decadence came to refer to moral decay moral decay is the value of hellenistic greece after classical greece came helen is degrees decadence came to refer to hellenistic moral decay there was a lot of homosexuality and all such unconventional practices in the period of decadence and such moral decay was attributed as the cause of the fall of great civilizations like the roman empire the generals of roman empire became morally decayed that's why roman empire fell it seems the movement of decadence was a response to the perceived decadence within the earlier romantic naturalist and realist movements in france at this time decadence was a reaction to the moral decay in the romantic naturalist and realist movements in france clear in literature of the decadence literature is taken to an extreme with characters who debase themselves for pleasure such as our uh dorian gray in oscar wilde's the picture of dorian gray the decadent writers used metaphor symbolism and language as tools to obfuscate the truth rather than expose it instead of showing the truth they changed the truths major figures are yours carl huzman uh gustav flaubert charles baudelaire and oscar wilde symbolism next it was a principally french movement of the fin day circle finder circle means end of the century symbolism is codified by the symbolist manifesto of 1886 and uh other cements brought symbolism in into england uh symbolism focused on the structure of thought rather than poetic form or image the external details of poetry is not what is important structure of thought is what is important and many poets were influenced by symbolism major figures are charles baudelaire stephanie malame aadhaar paul valerie etc symbolism is an avant-garde movement so is futurism futurism was codified by the futurist manifesto of filippo marinetti futurism avoids being intellectual and uses and it avoids using fixed syntax or style it makes use of irony analogy and is usually written with inspiration or intuition major figure is filippo marinetti the edwardian period in england is the early 20th century in england edwardian literature marked a growing division between high and lower literature there was a division between high literature and low literature as well as between upper class and lower class that is also there at this time there was a growth of children's literature the predominant style was realism with some modernist elements major figures are rudyard kiplinger jeevils john galsworthy and arnold bennett virginia will famously criticized the edwardian these edwardian writers as materialists because they focus too much on social reality or material reality then there is georgian poetry during the time of modernist experimentation these poets wrote in a simple traditional style at that time modernism was raging experimentation was raging but our georgian poets wrote in a simple traditional style using rustic subject matter they were against the modernists five volumes of their anthology called georgian poetry was edited by edward marsh five volumes of georgian poetry was there edited by edward marsh did you get that now uh major figures were john maysfield john drinkwater walter de la me and rupert brooke john maysfield john drinkwater walter de la mer and rupert brooke next is stream of consciousness or early 20th century stream of consciousness writing negated the centrality of the author the author is not there speaking all the time and instead you see uh a loosely organized pattern of thought being shared as it comes to the mind it is being written major figures were virginia wolfe and james joyce you might know that stream of consciousness is originally a psychological term that came from william james who wrote principles of psychology stream of consciousness was first carried out in france by edward dujade r e-d-o-u-a-r-d d u j a r d i n edward du jade in england it was dorothy richardson who first used it also virginia woolf and james joyce then modernism you know that in uh literature visual art architecture music everywhere modernism flourished modernism denoted a break with the tradition and past uh to form to explore new forms of expression modernism was a reaction to the world war and it was a very varied movement incorporating different styles as well as reactions to science and technology that was growing at that time urban valley culture was growing science and technology was growing at this time and modernism was a rebellion modernism involved rebellion against the traditional moral and social conventions and also a creation of new artistic forms and idioms modernism had its own style of art and idioms they regarded reality as multiple and subjective ezra pound t.s eliot hilda do little james joyce gertrude stein in america nat hampson fernando pessoa very important writers marcel proust thomas mann so many modernists then expressionism expressionism is also part of the larger avant-garde movement literary expressionism is there expressionism is there in drama also it originated in germany and expressionism rejected realism in order to depict emotions and subjective thoughts anti-realistic it is it delves into mind human mind it is freudian important figures are franz kafka alfred dublin gottfried ben etc imageism another avant-garde movement associated with modernism poetry that is images is based on a single concrete image rather than elaborate description and it is based on the motto the natural object is always the adequate symbol best example will be william carlos williams's the red wheelbarrow there are three tenets of imagism as put forward by ezra bound the direct treatment of the thing that is what is important secondly there should be no word that is unnecessary and that that does not contribute to the representation no description at all lastly they advocated natural rhythm of the musical phrase music music should come from the language itself there should be no artificial rhythm ezra pound hilda do little or hd amy lovell richard aldington etc important figures another avant-garde movement is dadaism it was projected by its properties as anti-art the otherism was considered by themselves themselves as anti-art focused on going against artistic norms and conventions major figures are uh tristan zara who gave rise to the movement in zurich around 1915 as against traditional and capitalistic aesthetics marcel dusham hugo ball andhra breath on important figures and also appears in surrealism surrealism another avant-garde movement from france influenced by painting and uses surprising images and transitions to play off uh formal expectations and depict the unconscious rather than the conscious mind it employs disruption of forms and colors surreal is included jean-claude though many of them were filmmakers also andhra pradhan see here also salvador dali then stridentism have you heard of that stridentism is a mexican avant-garde movement in arts they exalted modern urban life and social revolution we have not heard these names but you can look at them next is poets of the first world war there were british poets who documented both the idealism and the horrors of the war some people at first like rupert brooke talked about the patriotism and idealism of the war later writers like wilfred owen talked about the pity and horror of the war secret sassoon rupert brooke wilfred owen harlem renaissance 1920s it happened in the early 20th century in the place called harlem near new york at that time african americans were faced with racial segregation and discrimination uh there were less economic opportunities for them even though they were free there was a lot of violence against the african-americans etc so many african-americans from the south began to move north towards freedom and they settled in harlem and they began to express a new pride in being negro in that 1920s it happened it was a strong literary movement uh leading to an assertion of a positive black identity and the name new negro movement also was applied based on elaine locke's anthology called the new negro major figures were langston hughes sora neil hurston claude mckay then the lost generation they came immediately after the first world war before the second world war it was originally a term used by gertrude stein and it was later popularized by the lost generation writer ernst hemingway in the epigraph to this to his first novel the sun also rises the epigraph reads you are also you're all a lost generation later in uh hemingway's memoir a movable feast also this word appears it refers to the group of american literary personalities who lived in paris and other parts of europe from the beginning of the from the end of the world war to the beginning of great depression in the 1930s there was a stock market crash in 1929 major figures f scott fitzgerald who wrote the great gatsby on stemmingway ezra pound waldopias john dos pasos etc southern agrarians were a group of critics and poets they were from vanderbilt university in america they expressly rejected or repudiated sorry many modernist developments because they were from the american south they rejected modernism to a large extent uh in favor of metrical verse and narrative because they were conservative comparatively conservative and some southern agrarians were also associated with new criticism only some of them and those figures supported modernism major figures were john crow ransom and robert ben warren then poets of the 1930s the ordin group they are called these were children of the first world war they were disconcerted by war and communalism by the class struggle and the pa and they had a passionate belief in social responsibility of poets these poets were classical in outlook but did not engage in experimentation like the modernists they had leftist leanings they were called pink poets because they were partly communists and they were all educated at oxford oden stephen spender cecil day-lewis important figures louis mcnees christopher sherwood then the new apocalypse movement that is 1940s they are neo-romantic poets they were against the classical poets of the 30s instead of classicism they rejected classicism they wrote with intense imaginative subjectivity the movement got its name from the anthology the new apocalypse edited by henry trees and jf henry the white horseman and the crown and the sickle were two later anthologies major figure figures were dylan thomas and norman mccaig got it are you bored if you are bored you can pause the video and do something else and come back but i will continue the 1950s poet cinema in britain were the movement poets these poets employed a rational empirical and argumentative tone they did not write like the new apocalypse writers they were very rational they believed in experience argumentative tone and they did not experiment like the modernist they did not experiment they wrote traditional syntax and ordinary diction this made their poetry colloquial and style the movement poets had two anthologies poets of the fifties edited by dj and wright and it was published in japan and new lines edited by robert conquest philipp larkin tom gunn elizabeth jennings new sorry movement poets angry young man movement was a group of mostly working-class and middle-class british playwrights and novelists they became prominent in the 1950s they were disillusioned with the post-war reforms of england they were the disillusioned post-war generation they expressed the impatience and resentment at the hypocrisy and mediocrity of the upper and middle classes they were angry major figures john osborne who wrote look back at anger alan silito who wrote long days sorry loneliness of the long distance runner kingsley lucky jim john wayne john brain arnold wesker this arnold wesker was also associated with kitchen sink drama this was a british cultural movement that developed from the angry young man movement this was even more insightful of working class life it was found in theater art novels films they depicted even more squalor and discontentment with modern society important figures are arnold wesker who wrote the trilogy of place chicken soup with bali roots and i am talking about jerusalem then there was sheila dalani who wrote a taste of honey the beet generation or the beet mix they are a very anti-establishment group of the 1950s and 60s they employed a very sin uh sense they employ the values of sensibility looseness of form rejection of rigid conventions and rules of language rejection of academic principles or constraints all sorts of liberation and they were primarily poets it was a counter culture and youth culture movement beginning in the 1950s the rejected materialism and capitalism they were against war against bourgeois social values and formalism there are unconventional views of uh sexuality and interracial relations and they were inspired by buddhism and eastern spirituality jack kerwak alan ginsberg william s barrows ken casey gregory corso important figures the jin divoraback movement you're wondering what that is it's an australian aboriginal movement originated in adelaide in south australia during the great depression it sought to preserve uniquely australian culture from external influence it wanted to preserve uniquely australian culture from external influence how by incorporating australian aboriginal languages and mythology and unique australian settings wow important figures rex ingamels and xavier herbert remember this name next is ajit prop theater ajit prophet was a highly politicized theater that flourished in europe and united states also russia germany and agitation propaganda ajit prop is a portmando word made from agitation propaganda it was coined in 1938 i think highly politicized working glass theater that developed in russia and germany and it was it was a mobile form of exhortative and revolutionary theater designed for quick outdoor performance major figures are bertholds brecht and john littlewood who is associated with theater workshop a working-class movement next is theater of cruelty associated with antonin arthur the author of theater and it's double this movement can be seen as a break from traditional western theater and it is a means by which artists assault the senses of the audience it provides a sensory assault techniques of visual poetry was used such as mime gestures physical theater and dance rather than words these were used creating a dream world with the use of rituals masks traditions and striking costumes they were influenced by bali the place major figures were anthony nartot peter brook samuel beckett and jean jenny then there is post modernism you might know that postmodernism is also a very broad movement in literature and arts and generally speaking postmodernism involves a self reflexive playfulness self-awareness or uh the awareness that there is no reality it is characterized by skepticism subjectivism relativism etc a general rejection of reason and an acute awareness of how ideology maintains political and economic power post-modernism is a literary movement embracing diversity wordplay and other attributes of modern literature important themes of postmodernism are paranoia hyper reality intertextuality magic realism distortion of time or breaking up of chronology themes of paranoia and unpredictability etc major figures are borehouse salman rushdie thomas pinchin absurdism is related to existentialism i have not dealt with existentialism separately absence movement is derived from an absurdist philosophy which is related to existentialism where man is alienated from this world and it argues that life is inherently purposeless and it questions truth and value as such absurdist literature often includes dark humor satire and incongruity it looks at life as irrational and comical and uses non-sequitur dialogues violation of causality unpredictable juxtapositions and violence shampoo sartre spelling is wrong samuel beckett albert camus indian very important figures then confessional poetry poetry that often brutally exposes the self whatever is considered taboo like sexuality psychological disorders are ex brutally exposed and as part of an aesthetic of the beauty and power of human frailty the confessional poets give expression to human frailty major figures are robert lowell sylvia plath and sexton alicia ostriker magic realism is associated with post-modernism it's a literary movement where magical elements appear in otherwise realistic circumstances magic and realism are combined most often it is associated with latin american literary boom of the 20th century latin america was the place where it began gabriel garcia marquez octavio paz gunther grass that is german octavia passes italian julio cortazar hidayat malay roy chaudhary chitra banerjee divagrani ben okri angela carter post-colonialism as everybody knows is a diverse loosely connected movement of writers from former colonies of europe their work is frequently politically charged techniques include appropriation of colonial languages questioning of colonial metanarratives deconstruction of the colonial discourse writers engaging in rewriting history presenting decolonization and de-canonization themes of nationhood nationalism cultural plurality etc major figures jamaica kincaid who wrote annie john the autobiography of my mother lucy vs nepal who wrote mimikmen a house for mr biswas derek walcott dream on monkey mountain salman rashdi midnight children giannina nigerian writers then there is black arts movement it's a not about protest literature but it's about creating a new black aesthetic black arts movement creates a new black aesthetic it is the aesthetic arm of the black power movement it is generally considered to have been launched by amiri baraka spoken word poetry was a postmodern literary movement where writers use their speaking voice to present fiction poetry monologues i should say spoken word and remove poetry because it's mainly poetry but it is also another genres it arises from beat poetry harlem renaissance mostly american the textual origins differ and may have been written for print initially then then read aloud for audiences spoken word gave rise to performance poetry and slam poetry spalding grey have you heard these names this name i already mentioned new york school of poetry is a group of urban gay or gay friendly leftist poets and writers and painters of the 1960s major figures are frank o'hara and john ashbury so i have stopped there i have not come to the 21st century uh i hope you enjoyed this video please read extra read more thank you