The width of spectral lines in spectroscopy is primarily determined by three factors: (1) the natural line width due to the finite lifetime of excited states governed by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, (2) Doppler broadening caused by the thermal motion of molecules leading to frequency shifts, and (3) collisional broadening resulting from molecular collisions that perturb energy levels. Additionally, instrumental factors such as the narrowness of the monochromator slit play a crucial role in determining the observed spectral line width.
Width of Spectral Lines in Spectroscopy: Slit Narrowness Factors
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