Xenobiotics Recycling: Soil & Water Remediation Advances

[00:00:00]foreign [Music] the current topic that we are going to go for it is a very unique popular talk the popular talk that is based on the current advances on recycling approaches of xenobiotics compound from Soil and Water bodies the entire project has been conceptualized by Dr debunker ghost associate professor and API of microbial engineering and algal biotechnology laboratory Department of biosciences JS University Kolkata [Music] first of all I would like to acknowledge to all my me bloomies especially my PhD and master students and I would also like to thank students Cheyenne omita and rituparna for their immense effort to summarize this assignment to get completed so let's get started the Journey of this popular talk so we will be talking about xenobiotics and their impact so xenobiotic is a comprehensive term it is actually being derived from Greek word xenos with so-called means the Foreigner or the stranger and bios or bios means their life which is used to indicate a man-made foreign chemical substance it is found within an organism that is not naturally produced by or expected to be present within that organism indeed it is not recognizable by the enzymatic system of living organisms and if introduced into the environment it can accumulate and reach certain concentration to cause undesirable effects so we can take some examples considering the organic xenobiotics which include pesticide fear solvents alkyne polyaromatic compound chlorinated and Nitro aromatic compound as a compound dyes organic sulfonic acid nitrogen and phosphorus components in contrary you can also say there is certain inorganic zenobiotics to exist like toxic heavy metals and academium copper nickel chromium zinc arsenic some synthetic fibers polymers such as polyethylene polypropylene as well as plasticizers and softeners which usually being used in different textile Industries [Music] xenobiotic pollution of environment is a global concern which usually caused by anthropogenic activities such as urbanization overpopulation expansion The prominent substances such as polycytic aromatic hydropathic heavy metal lines pesticide fertilizer oil derivatives are found in soil and water dioxins dichlorophenyl trichloroethane molechlorinated biphenyls polycyclic aromatic carbons nitrocarbon aromatic compounds are preliminary threat to the soil ecosystem and dynamics of developed Nations Benzene nitrobenzene ethyl benzene toluene xylene when chlorinated solvent also acts as xenobiotic compound cosmetic and personal care product also contribute as a xenobiotic pollutants specially parabens in soil and air and azodiaz in soil from agriculture field perspective where multiple rounds of pesticides and different xenobiotic fertilizers are used in larger amount which actually destroys the water quality and aquatic plants and animal life cycles [Music] now we are going to talk about impacts of xenobiotics on soil [Music] ecosystemical characters are soil are altered by xenobiotic compounds it is a very well known phenomenon they influence the soil PH moisture water holding capacity organic nitrogen the overall texture of soil can be having a high yield impact caused by the intradition of xenobarcase these all factors of soil affects the microbial activities in soil and their dynamics that promote the soil quality and also reduce the plant growth the xenobiotics create ecotoxicological effect in soil which causes by natural and the synthetic pollutants that affects the animal along with human vegetation and microbial regime in an implicative way organic xenobiotic like fertilizer phosphorus compound potassium nitrogen even zinc Metals there are certain pasty sites they also produce unexpected growth of plant in water or it can also induce the phenomena of eutrophication due to extensive eutrophication the amount of dissolved oxygen become decreased demand of biological oxygen demand will elevate it so by increasing reactive or the reactive oxygen species alter the homeostasis in fishes cause oxidative stress which creates a mess in aquatic food chain and ecological balance so these are the few pictorial presentation which shows that how xenobiotic compound is influencing the normal life habitats within the water bodies and altering the water ecosystem [Music] now we need to talk about the recycling approaches of this genoviotic compounds so as we have seen already xenobiotic compounds are creating a huge yield impacts on the soil as well as in the water body and their Associated ecosystem so that needs to be eradicated or that needs to be somehow get resolved so now we are going to talk particularly to find out these Solutions those are called the recycling approaches of these genovirus so first is the physical degradation the way of degradation of xenobiotic compound can be categorized mainly in three parts as I told first one is the physical degradation physical treatment of xenobiotics can be defined as the thermal or non-thermal treatment so some processes for soil includes the electric resistance Heating erh steam injection vitrification techniques incineration pyrolysis even water flushing also used to reduce pollutants especially xenobiotic pollutants from the soil so these are mostly confining the physical degradation approaches for the water treatment physical degradation includes screening Communicator sedimentation approaches and heat treatment so as you know that each and every technique to contain or do bears on merits and demerits So Physical degradation also having different advantages for recycling the xenobiotic compounds like the contaminant toxicity is checked by this technique it is used to remediate the soil contaminated with the explosive and hazardous waste it can create treatment of organic contaminants in soil and oily sludges whereas it also contains certain disadvantages like metals are not destroyed by this approach and it ends up with the flu gases in the ashes rocky soil need to be screened before use and drying of the soil required for the wet soil most of these cases solid compound cannot be degraded properly they can only segregate it from the soil and water [Music] foreign approach was xenobiotics is a chemical degradation in soil and water several heavy metals are present such as cadmium late Mercury iron copper arsenic so these heavy metals can be separated by electrokinetic process in which cathode and anode electrodes are being used to separate positively and negatively charged xenobiotic constituents so this is a nice pictorial presentation which have been showing how electrokinetic remediation of soil can be performed by using the fuel cell technology by using anode and cathode [Music] and the third most interesting recycling approach of xenobiotic constituents is the bioremediation bioremediation refers to the process of using organic or living organisms including plant plant roots and diverse ranges of microorganisms that will reduce or remove the environmental pollutants like toxic wastes found in soil water this process can be separate or segregated by two different sub Avenues likely microbial remediation and height remains microbial remediation mostly focusing on the involvement of microorganism their physiology and metabolic reactions microbes has an incredible capability to catabolize with the help of different genes enzymes to execute the degradative pathway that will reduce or break down the xenobiotic constitutes multiple rounds of microorganisms including pseudomonas bacillus alkaloginase cellulomonas mycobacterium micrococcus certain proper non-sulfur bacteria like rotococcus some fungi like aspergillus penicillium trichoderma some fruiting bodies like streptomycin rototurula some more like candida they can also perform by using their metabolic activity to reduce the load of the cello bite most predominant microbes are pseudomonas they can degrade break down the organic several organic compounds like hydrocarbon polyphenols organophosphates polychlorinated biphenides and polycyclic aromatic naphthalene complex pseudomona species contains xyle for xylene NIH for naphthalene cell for salicylate Cam plasmi that will allow grapes with certain rounds of enzyme that will Elevate the degradation of camphor xenobiotic components bacillus at least train can able to degrade petroleum hydrocarbon even strains of bacillus thuringiences bacillus artillies involves in the breakdown of xenobiotics from the rhizospheric zone of panicum Aquatica polylactic acid degraded by bacillus cumulus B12 strain that is the second most common biodegradable polymer found in commercial Plastics in the bioremediation section another sub Avenue which were discussed like fight to remediation phyto remediation is an economically and environmentally sustainable technique as it utilizes green plant to contain sequester or detoxify contaminants from contaminated soil or water bottles therefore it is one of the most significant parameter affecting the behavior and the link toxicity in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem phyto remediation utilizes many mechanisms that will accelerate or speed up the degradation process for removal or immobilize the pollutants including degradation like rhizobigration or phyto degradation accumulation that is Phi to extraction or rise of iteration dissipation like phyto volatilization immobilization like hydraulic control or the phytostabilization usually the contaminated groundwater can be bioremediated through the phyto degradation phytovolization rhizofiltration rhizo degradation and phytot degradation process whereas the surface of the Wastewater contamination can be treated by Rise of iteration 5 to degradation and rhizo degradation approaches soil sediments or the sludges contamination are remediated through hydrax fraction phyto degradation phytostabilization rhizo degradation and phyto volatilization in many cases plant species diverse ranges of plant species cannot perform well they need to Aid or enhance the python remediation if it is such Aid include the biochar egta endocytic bacteria as a helper microbial entity along with the association with the plant root so let's talk about certain definition that will or that is actually involving in phytoremediation mechanisms the first one is the phyto extraction phyto extraction is a process in which the contaminants are taken up by plant root resulting in their accumulation in above ground parts therefore can be harvested and ultimately disposal of plant biomass can reduce the environmental pollution in the soil phytostabilization this remediation can be achieved through the inactivation or immobilization of toxicants or pollutants within the root or in the rhizosphere easily third one rise of filtration rise of filtration involves removing toxic substances using plant root you need in a saturated Zone to remediate aqueous contamination in the Wastewater in the groundwater or in the surface water so adsorption and precipitation onto Foods so what is phyto volatilization in this process water soluble contaminants are taken up by means of plant resulting in discharge of volatile contaminants or release of non-volatile degradation products phyto degradation is another round of phytoremediation mechanism in which metabolization or metabolic degradation of the organic compound is done in soil surface even in the groundwater under sediments or sludge through enzyme produced by the plant rhizo degradation includes the augmentation of degradation that is taking place naturally in soil by influencing the plant root that can lead to the ideal detoxification of the xenobiotic contaminants so this is a nice tabular presentation which shows the different columns having mechanism common plant name what are the different genobiotic contaminants can be eradicated having with their advantage and disadvantages you can see the fighter extraction phytostabilization rise of filtration phyton volatilization phyto degradation rise of degradation all involving different kinds of plants it could be let used tobacco foreign Indian Master water starboard water Moss mustard broccoli rabbit food grass and they are allowed to eradicate or recycle different forms of xenobiotic compounds including different heavy metals like nickel Cobalt late zinc copper markery arsenic uranium selenium including gdt petroleum textile agodies petroleum and also dichlorophenus including different advantages and disadvantages so usually advantages is are including least environmental disturbances it used on the large range of contaminants cost effective for large contaminants or contaminated sites whereas the contaminants may enter the food chain through the animal which eat the plant which already absorb or absorb those toxicants it is also limited to soil less than one meter from the surface and groundwater less than three meter from the surface so these are the few constraints which are involved in these processes there needs to be rectified or that needs to be altered in a way that it could be showing more influence to advancement or to it reduce or to increase the potentiality of this much so we'll come to a conclusion so xenobiotics have been one of the major pollutants in both Soil and Water microbial degradation of xenobiotic assumes significant since it provides an effective and economic means of disposing of toxic chemicals particularly the environmental pollutants different forms of organic molecules like pesticide fuel nitrogen phosphorus compounds even some including some inorganic molecules like toxic heavy metal synthetic fibers affect both Soil and Water can be eradicated different approaches that are eco-friendly and non-posely industrial feasible techniques that have been employed to degrade these xenobiotic compounds to reduce their load in soil and water the employment of these techniques provided good soil water quality without affecting the ecological Dynamics in the micro environment the enhanced crop yield can also be achieved by improving the soil quality through these processes and their implementation that will allow uncommon and this degradation of xenobility the increasing discovery of new xenobiotic degrading plant system enzyme system metabolic enzymes more potent microorganisms that can open up a new door to prevent the xenobiety pollution in both terrestrial and Equity ecosystem so these are the few references for further studies if you are really interested you can come across these references to gain more knowledge more ideas about the genetic aspects or enzymes for metabolic aspects of this remediation techniques which are involving in Plants as well as in different microbial systems so I believe you enjoyed this session you get lot of informations in a nutshell and that will increase your interest you can gain more knowledge by following further reading section and I definitely believe it enlightened you to get more research to be done and that will allow you to nurture more knowledge for your future Endeavor I hope you enjoyed thank you for listening and being patient with my deliberation thank you very much good luck thank you [Music] thank you