Geology Quiz: Katelyn Salem vs. Hank Green | SciShow Quiz Show

[00:00:01][Music] ladies and gentlemen boys and girls welcome to sow quiz show where we're pretty sure that most of the facts are accurate today on the show we have uh Hank Green soon to be father and uh internet extraordinaire I am internet yes uh competing against Hank we have the host of Kate tectonic and rock and mineral Enthusiast Caitlyn Salem yay uh today where is our live studio audience it be so much more fun why don't we do this at like the Crystal and just have like rent it out have a bunch of people there I don't know sounds expensive and and a pain in the butt there's anyone here who can pull it off Kaitlyn could Crystal uh today Hank you will be competing on behalf of Faith McNichol hi Faith I like nickels and nickel both of those things it's actually ni i c h o l but well I bet there's an eological link okay Caitlyn you are playing for Kyle dark o Kyle dark don't hurt me I'm starting both of you off with 1,000 saow bucks and each time you answer a question correctly you will win some number of points if you answer it incorrectly you will lose some number of points if I just left now could I just keep my thousand SI Show Box I suppose that's true if you just didn't play right now you would have a th000 points at the end of the game but then I could also not play right now and then we'd just be just tie and then we and then we could skip right to the Daily Double part though we could skip all the all the stuff and just go straight to the thank you for watching this episode of whoever has the most points at the end of the game assuming we play the game win some prizes Stefan what can our contestants take home today thanks Michael just to let the folks at home know we choose the patrons that our contestants play for at random from all of our patreon patrons so if you support us on patreon at any level you could be the next person to be played for on the show for today though both faith and Kyle will be taking home signed cards from our final round with our contestants final guesses and wagers on them the winner will receive the i1 saow quiz show pin and the loser will receive the high coveted I lost saow quit show pin but the winner will also take home some secret saow swag from dftba.com back to you Michael round one is called Rock Bottom oh we do are we doing geology this is not fair okay I'm so ready I hope this round is all about the stuff in the depth of the ocean okay starting with shipwrecks I don't know that much about oceans this this is shipwrecks are not rocks no they make ships out of not rock Rock very few Rock ships let's let's do this yeah there might be millions of sunken ships scattered around Earth's Ocean Floors and we've only discovered a tiny fraction of them they hold Clues to human history but they also become part of the ocean ecosystem giving food and shelter to marine life one of the most famous wrecks is the RMS Titanic maybe you've heard of it which sunk in 1912 and was discovered by researchers in 1985 it was a huge deal for historians but also for scientists because researchers found an entirely new species living off the materials from the ship was it an enemy a kind of bacteria a coral or a worm Leonardo dicapri I'm going to say a worm you are incorrect well you know I tried uh so that's minus 100 points for Hank right uh you have an opportunity glad I didn't guess cuz I was also going to say a worm all right well I'm glad to know that we're on the same P you lost the points and I didn't that's okay answer anyway though just do it you got a one and three chance uh uh whatever C was a coral yes you are also incorrect I'm afraid wait was it was it an an enemy do I lose points was it was it a fish what was the first one was it a do the first one wasn't an enemy so the second one the second one was a kind of bacteria which on the correct answer there's bacteria every there like I could discover a new bacteria on my face this has nothing to do with rocks I was told this show would be about rocks the answer is b a new kind of bacteria scientists discovered all of these creatures on the wreck of the Titanic but the only brand new species was a bacterium which they called Honus Titanic ey the bacteria were living with lots of cousins and rusticles which get their name because they look like Rusty icicles sticking out from the hole of the ship they form when these bacteria feed on the iron in the hole and then produce iron oxides also known as rust to create a cone-like structure that becomes home for lots of microbes between biological corrosion and normal chemical degradation some scientists think the Titanic shipwreck may only be there for a couple more decades before it's completely lost to the ocean okay all right moving along there are plenty of other places in the deep ocean that life can flourish hydrothermal vents for example or geothermic heated mineral Rich Waters spew out from fissures in the ocean crust thanks volcanic activity underneath mhm there are different kinds of hydrothermal vents depending on what chemicals are in the water and they provide energy and nutrients to organisms like bacteria clams tube worms and crabs MH very similar communities live around other formations called cold seeps so what is a cold seep is it the chemical Rich water seeping up from the ocean crust that is below 0° C Oh weird chemical Rich water seeping up from the ocean crust below -20° C wait what large salt deposits seeping up into the water to form dense Briny patches or hydrocarbon Rich fluids seeping up slowly from the sea floor C uh you incorrect I mean I this is not my either of our areas of expertise I'm going to go with a also Inc I tell you 100 points each I'm afraid the answer is D where hydrocarbon Rich fluids seep up slowly from the seafloor like hydrothermal vents cold seeps are home to extremophiles that thrive in the dark high press environment of the deep sea these organisms get their energy from eating each other or from chemical reactions in a process called chemosynthesis cold seeps are also fissures in the sea crust but there's no volcanic activity underneath some of the chemicals that come out of hydrothermal vents like methane and other hydrocarbons also come out of cold seeps they just seep out at slower rates for longer periods of time instead of explosively some dense salty brine pools can be considered cold seeps if they also have methane seeping up from the ocean crust to support chemosynthetic life but cold seeps aren't actually that much colder than the surrounding seawater they're just cold compared to the super hot hydrothermal vents I me you should have just left kayin in in what episode of saow quiz show does anyone ever actually know the answers it's always just know the answers I mean if anything we both answered wrong for both questions so we're still equals we areal we could still leave we could still leave we each got 800 sow bucks the deep sea Harbors a lot of strange looking life with bioluminescent organs huge spiky teeth and sometimes humongous bodies like that of the giant squid all squids have some unusual adaptations to help them eat like sharp beaks made of kiten and other tough proteins I know a lot about squids I don't know organisms man some even have a tongue likee organ with spiky teeth called a radula to help them grind food into even tinier pieces m is really digging I love squids but if squids didn't break up their food and just swallowed huge chunks of it they would get very injured why is that is it because their esophagus would expand causing brain damage their esophagus would expand and block their gills from the inside their stomach enzymes would take too long to break down the food so they'd starve or their stomach would expand and put pressure on nearby neurons a their esophagus goes through their brain because their brain is a circle with a hole in the middle what what really is Han is correct the answer is a their esophagus would expand and give them brain damage squid brains are complex but they're tiny compared to their bodies their Central brain is essentially a donut-shaped bundle of nervous tissue which is made up of cells like neurons and glea and it's protected by a casing made of cartilage likee protein it's really close to their beak so their esophagus actually runs through this doughnut-shaped brain If a squid swallowed huge chunks of food their expanding esophagus would squeeze against all that nervous tissue and probably damage the cells which wouldn't be so great for the squid so some people say we could chew our food a little more than we do but if you're a squid not chewing your food could be deadly we are moving on to round two the science of art oh because art actually involves a whole lot of chemistry sure uh you studied chemistry I did you studied chemistry yes a little a little bit the colorful part of paints and dyes called the pigment is basically any chemical substance that changes the wavelength of reflected light that you see M that's how red pigments can make a fabric or canvas appear red and before we knew how to synthesize safe colorful pigments artists had to use more creative methods grinding up lapis larly rocks for example made a rich ultramarine blue pigment while white lead produced a bright white but toxic paint I was really hoping the question was going to be about white lead cuz I knew about that one that's pretty much all I know some pigments though had much weirder Origins which of the following methods is fake oh grinding up mummified bodies to make the pigment mummy Brown mhm feeding cows mango leaves and collecting their urine to make Indian yellow oo yeah I bet that would work let's try it later boiling sea snails to make te in purple or drying out elephant blood to make dragon's blood so like Tyrion like Tyrion Lannister oh you got first the dragon's blood one that's what I was going to go for well you are just really correct about that I got one right the answer is D drying out elephant blood to make dragons blood dragon's blood is an awesome name for a bright red pigment but it's not actually made from blood dragon or elephant instead it's made from the sticky organic resin of several different types of trees depending on who you ask some people collect the red resin from the damaged branches of certain trees in the genus Drina which are mostly native to Africa or Southern Asia others gather the red resin surrounding the unripe fruit from some trees in the genus deonar Ops also known as Rattan Palms which are mostly found in Southeast Asia the other three pigments in fact were really made from mummies undernourished cow pea and sea snails that's 200 points for Caitlyn Salem second round or 200 points points yeah pigments aren't the only important component of paint you also need a chemical binder so that the color can be spread around and dry properly and different kinds of paints use different binders acrylic paint for example was only developed around the 1940s and it uses plastic polymers as a binder oil paint as you might guess generally includes plant-based oils but back in the 14th century quick drying tempura paint was all the rage with artists nowadays tempura paints tend to have a water soluble glue or gum base as a binder but back then it was commonly manufactured with a natural binder that might seem weird to us now was it sour milk Bacon fat egg yolks or caramelized sugar I mean we had eggs and egg proteins are a good sticky thing so I'm going to go with egg yolks Han green you are correct yes for 200 points the answer is C egg yolks egg tempera used to be the go-to paint for illuminated manuscripts and wooden panels and was typically made out of egg yolks pigment and a little water egg yolks are made up of a lot of lipids which are similar to The lipids used as binders and oil paints called drying oils and a drying oil is one that hardens into a tough film after being exposed to the air see the fatty acids in drying oils and an egg yolk are mostly unsaturated which means they have double bonds between some of the carbon atoms these double bonds let the lipids react with oxygen in the air so they polymerize to form a tangled Network and lock the pigment in place egg temper recipes varied but most of them told you to get rid of the egg whites because all the water and albumin proteins would change the consistency of the paint I hate whenever I make scrambled eggs and like the whites get all over your hands and get it off it's a good it's a good water soluble binder I need some glue I'll just get some egg whites hey I actually that's the thing that people used to do is they would make their Mohawks with egg whites I sat behind a kid in Spanish class that did that this must have smelled real good I don't remember glass blowing is usually thought of as an art form to create colorful intricate sculptures but it's also really important for scientific research because the glassware and chemistry Labs has to come from somewhere we have glass blowing to think for things like light bulbs and the tubes in early radios and televisions some early experiments with electricity can be traced back to the scientific glass blower and physicist Hinrich gisler back in the mid 1800s mhm M he created geistler tubes which are glass tubes with electrodes at either end all those yes were open neon signs you see in store windows are based on geistler tubes but what were geistler tubes originally used for was it gas chromatography ion Mobility spectrometry to study the effect of a magnetic field on gases or to study the effect of electrical current on gases ion spectrometry ion spectrometry that is incorrect I'm gonna go with I lost my I'm gonna go with gas spectrometry that is also incorrect it wasn't spectrometry at all the answer is D to study the effect of electrical current on gases geistler tubes more generally called gas discharged tubes were used to study what happened if you apply electrical currents to different gases and that's how all kinds of lights work like neon signs fluorescent bulbs and those plasma Globes basically if the voltage across a glass tube is high enough some electrons will will have enough energy to escape the atoms of gas creating charged ions this keeps the current flowing other electrons will stick with their atoms but jump to a higher energy unstable excited state to become stable again this electron releases a photon with all that extra energy which we see as visible colored light atoms of different elements can release different photons of light depending on their arrangement of electrons Neon gas for example tends to Glow reddish orange lots of other researchers built off geisler's technology which led to things like the cathode ray tube experiment and the discovery of the elect so we' finally reached our final round during which our contestants have an opportunity to bet some or all of their points on the correctness of their answer to the next question Hank you have 900 points Caitlyn you have 800 points um I can tell you right now that the topic of our next question is medicine that was actually just toxic so place your bets and we'll be right back after these commercial messages welcome back from What Might Have Been a commercial I think usually when we put those in it just Fades out and Fades right back in but anyway these days we're pretty good at turning toxins into medicine isolating compounds from toxic plants or animal Venoms that are helpful in really small doses yeah yeah yeah but we didn't always know what we were doing with that around the 17th and 18th centuries people believed that good health came from a proper balance of bodily fluids called humors if you were sick or just wanted to stay disease-free you would Purge fluids from your body to balance the humors and get rid of any toxin okay sometimes this meant ingesting chemicals that caused violent vomiting and bowel emptying okay one such medicinal lative was something called the Everlasting pill which they would swallow poop out and then reuse oh what no delicious so what was the Everlasting pill made of uh oh man this is like a like a really crazy Willy Wonka idea right here some need to stop that man go St was it a lump of antimony a metaloid a chunk of Cinnabar a Mercury sulfide mineral a beor a Harden mass of undigested calcium hair in other junk from goat intestines or a piece of unicorn horn which was actually just a narwhal tooth oh man none of those things do you want to put inside of you okay you guys ready MH reveal your answers I'm not sure Hank you are correct the answer is a a lump of antimony this Everlasting pill was actually just a lump of mostly pure antimony it's toxic to humans so swallowing an antimony pill makes your body want to purge everything some people including the British Explorer Captain James Cook owned antimony cups which worked similarly people would leave wine in the cup overnight to let some of the antimony dissolve and then drink this sweating vomiting diarrhea causing liquid to feel all refreshed specifically the tartaric acid in the wine would react with the anti anony in the cup to form antimony potassium tartrate which is also called emetic tartar emetic means something that makes you vomit by the 1900s though people seem to realize that there were safer laxatives out there so these toxic antimony pills and cups became a thing of the past as for the other options cinear is a toxic red mineral but was mostly just used for pigment jewelry or as a Mercury ore beors and narwhal teeth on the other hand were thought to protect people from poisons like arsenic in their food or wine but they didn't really have any effect 71 well Kaitlyn s hoping there would actually be a rock answer 600 points oh dear there's only one loser for this game and it's me no there's two losers it's also Mr dark so congratulations Hank and Faith McNichol sorry Caitlyn and Kyle dark I tell you what the presents are pretty much exactly the same yeah yeah everybody is a winner here because yeah uh right cuz's try try again I don't know what I was going to say um you know what I know about these antimony pills which is that they would pass them down from generation to generation so you'd be pooping out the same rock that your grandpa did ooh it's an [Laughter] heirloom well thank you for watching this episode of sow quiz show if you'd like to see more of Caitlyn you can find her at Kate tectonics youtube.com/ tectonics if you'd like to see more of Hank you can find him in a many many places on the internet my name is Hank Green you can Google me that's what I say to people when they're like so what do you do for a living I just say my name is Han green you can Google me and then I walk away wow if you'd like to see more content like this you can help us make it at patreon.com show and don't forget to go to youtube.com/ show And subscribe show uh host versus host did we put a bunch of insect questions in there cuz I'm not going to do well we'll have to see I hope not CU then if I don't do well that does that